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[h] Hematology & Oncology System Flashcards

[i] Master this session in just 5 minutes.

[q] ……. is the rate at which new events occur in a population and should not include old cases or dead cases in the denominator?

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[f]IEluY2lkZW5jZSByYXRlIChJUiku

[Qq]Mnemonic: Incidence is the rate at which new cases coming in.

[q] …… is the cumulative incidence of infection in a group of people observed over a period of time during an epidemic, usually in relation to foodborne illness?

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[f]IEF0dGFjayByYXRlLg==[Qq]

[q] ……. is the rate at which All persons who experience an event in a population (old and new cases) and should not include dead cases in the denominator?

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[q] …… is prevalence during a particular “point in time“.

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[q] …… is prevalence during a specified period or “span of time”.

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[q] Prevalence ≈ incidence for ……..? Prevalence > incidence for …….?

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[f]IHNob3J0IGR1cmF0aW9uIGRpc2Vhc2UgKGNvbW1vbiBjb2xkKS4gQ2hyb25pYyBkaXNlYXNlcyAoZGlhYmV0ZXMpLg==

UHJldmFsZW5jZSA9IEluY2lkZW5jZSDDlyBEdXJhdGlvbiAoUCA9IEkgw5cgRCk=[Qq]

[q] How do prevalence and incidence change if an effective prevention, such as a vaccine (primary prevention), is discovered?

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[f]IEJvdGggaW5jaWRlbmNlIGFuZCBwcmV2YWxlbmNlIHdpbGwgZ28gZG93bi4=[Qq]

[q] How do prevalence and incidence change if cure (secondary prevention) is discovered?

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[f]IFByZXZhbGVuY2Ugd2lsbCBnbyBkb3duIHdpdGggbm8gZWZmZWN0IG9uIGluY2lkZW5jZS4=[Qq]

[q] How do prevalence and incidence change if  an effective therapy prolongs life discovered, but does not cure?

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[f]IFByZXZhbGVuY2Ugd2lsbCBpbmNyZWFzZXMgd2l0aCBubyBlZmZlY3Qgb24gaW5jaWRlbmNlLg==

QW4gaW5jcmVhc2luZyBwcmV2YWxlbmNlIGFuZCBzdGFibGUgaW5jaWRlbmNlIGNhbiBiZSBhdHRyaWJ1dGVkIHRvIGZhY3RvcnMgd2hpY2ggcHJvbG9uZyB0aGUgZHVyYXRpb24gb2YgYSBkaXNlYXNlIChpbXByb3ZlZCBxdWFsaXR5IG9mIGNhcmUpLg==[Qq]

[q] …… the probability of correctly identifying a case of disease?

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[f]IFNlbnNpdGl2aXR5Lg==

VGhpcyBpcyBhbHNvIGtub3duIGFzIHRoZSDigJx0cnVlIHBvc2l0aXZlIHJhdGXigJ0u

Everyone in the calculation is a diseased person.

TP on top divided by everything in the same column.

SEN = 750/(750 + 250) = 750/1,000 = 75%

[q] …. is the probability of correctly identifying disease-free persons.

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[f]IFNwZWNpZmljaXR5Lg==

VGhpcyBpcyBhbHNvIGtub3duIGFzIHRoZSDigJx0cnVlIG5lZ2F0aXZlIHJhdGXigJ0u

RXZlcnlvbmUgaW4gdGhlIGNhbGN1bGF0aW9uIGlzIGEgaGVhbHRoeSBwZXJzb24u

TN in top divided by everything in the same column.

SPEC = 950/(950 + 50) = 950/1,000 = 95%.

[q] ….. is the probability of disease in a person who receives a positive test result?

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[f]IFBvc2l0aXZlIHByZWRpY3RpdmUgdmFsdWUu

RXZlcnlvbmUgaW4gdGhlIGNhbGN1bGF0aW9uIGdvdCBhIHBvc2l0aXZlIG9uIHRoZSB0ZXN0Lg==

VFAgb24gdG9wIGRpdmlkZWQgYnkgZXZlcnl0aGluZyBpbiB0aGUgc2FtZSByb3cu

PPV = 750/(750 + 50) = 750/800 = 93.8%

[q] …….. is the probability of no disease in a person who receives a negative test result?

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[f]IE5lZ2F0aXZlIHByZWRpY3RpdmUgdmFsdWUu

RXZlcnlvbmUgaW4gdGhlIGNhbGN1bGF0aW9uIGdvdCBhIG5lZ2F0aXZlIG9uIHRoZSB0ZXN0Lg==

VE4gb24gdG9wIGRpdmlkZWQgYnkgZXZlcnl0aGluZyBpbiB0aGUgc2FtZSByb3cu

NPV = 950/(950 + 250) = 950/1,200 = 79.2%.

[q] What is the effect of increased prevalence on sensitivity? On positive predictive value?

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[f]IFNlbnNpdGl2aXR5IHN0YXlzIHRoZSBzYW1lLCBwb3NpdGl2ZSBwcmVkaWN0aXZlIHZhbHVlIGluY3JlYXNlcy4=

Qm90aCB0aGUgcG9zaXRpdmUgcHJlZGljdGl2ZSB2YWx1ZSAoUFBWKSBhbmQgbmVnYXRpdmUgcHJlZGljdGl2ZSB2YWx1ZSAoTlBWKSBvZiBhIHRlc3QgZGVwZW5kIG9uIHRoZSBwcmV2YWxlbmNlIG9mIHRoZSBkaXNlYXNlIG9mIGludGVyZXN0IGluIHRoZSBwb3B1bGF0aW9uIGluIHdoaWNoIHRoZSB0ZXN0IGlzIGFwcGxpZWQuIFBQViBJbmNyZWFzZXMgYW5kIE5QViBkZWNyZWFzZXMgd2l0aCBhbiBJbmNyZWFzZSBpbiBwcmV2YWxlbmNlLg==

[q] What is the effect of the pretest probability on negative predictive value?

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[f]IFJlbWVtYmVyIHRoYXQgdGhlIE5QViB3aWxsIHZhcnkgd2l0aCB0aGUgcHJldGVzdCBwcm9iYWJpbGl0eSBvZiBhIGRpc2Vhc2UuIEEgcGF0aWVudCB3aXRoIGEgaGlnaCBwcm9iYWJpbGl0eSBvZiBoYXZpbmcgYSBkaXNlYXNlIHdpbGwgaGF2ZSBhIGxvdyBOUFYgd2l0aCBhIG5lZ2F0aXZlIHRlc3QgYnV0IGEgcGF0aWVudCB3aXRoIGEgbG93IHByb2JhYmlsaXR5IG9mIGhhdmluZyBhIGRpc2Vhc2Ugd2lsbCBoYXZlIGEgaGlnaCBOUFYgd2l0aCBhIG5lZ2F0aXZlIHRlc3Qu[Qq]

[q]

1. What is the Point of optimum seNsitivty & point of optimum Negative predictive value?

2. What is the Point of optimum sPecificity & point of optimum Positive predictive value?

3. What is the effect of lowering the cuttoff point from B –>A?

4. What is the effect of raising the cuttoff point from B –>C?

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[f]

MS4gQQ==

2. C

3. ↑ seNsitivty & point of optimum Negative predictive value. ↓ sPecificity & point of optimum Positive predictive value.

↓ seNsitivty & point of optimum Negative predictive value.  ↑ sPecificity & point of optimum Positive predictive value.

[q] Decreased overlap between the healthy and diseased population curves decreases both the number of FP and FN, What is the effect of this on sensitivity and specifity?

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[f]IFRoZSBkYXNoZWQgY3VydmVzIGFyZSBhc3NvY2lhdGVkIHdpdGggaGlnaGVyIHNlbnNpdGl2aXR5IGFuZCBzcGVjaWZpY2l0eS4=[Qq]

[q] What is the best screening test of (A,B, C, D, E)?

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[f]IEUuIHRoZSBoaWdoZXN0IHNlbnNpdGl2aXR5IHdpdGggbG93ZXN0IGxvc2luZyBvZiBzcGVjaWZpdHkuIFRoZSBiZXR0ZXIgcGVyZm9ybWluZyB0ZXN0IHdpbGwgaGF2ZSBhIGhpZ2hlciBhcmVhIHVuZGVyIHRoZSBjdXJ2ZSAoQVVDKSwgd2l0aCB0aGUgY3VydmUgY2xvc2VyIHRvIHRoZSB1cHBlciBsZWZ0IGNvcm5lci4=[Qq]

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