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[h] Hematology & Oncology System Flashcards

[i] Master this session in just 5 minutes.

[q] Which type of research study?

Exposure and outcome are measured simultaneously at a particular point in time.

Also called Prevalence study.

Cannot provide incidence.

Analysis assesses only the association between disease and risk factors, not causation.

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[q] Which type of research study?

Designed by selecting individuals with a particular disease (cases), individuals without that disease (controls), and then evaluating previous exposure status.

Looks backward in time for the presence or absence of risk factors (Retrospective).

Can give evidence for causality.

No assessment of prevalence or incidence.

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[q] Which type of research study?

Identifies people with risk factors and compares disease incidence to incidence rate in another group of people without those risk factors.

Can be prospective or retrospective.

Gives assessment of incidence and causality.

No estimate of prevalence.

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[q] The critical distinction between case control and retrospective cohort studies is ……?

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[q] ….. is used in cohort studies to determine how strongly a risk factor (exposure) is associated with an outcome?

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[q] If relative risk equals 1, this means ……?

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[q] Calculate RR from this 2X2 table:

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[f]

[q] …….. compares incidence rates in groups with and without risk by subtraction (excess risk that is attributable to the exposure)?

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[q] If risk of lung cancer in smokers is 21% and risk in nonsmokers is 1%, then the attributable risk is …..?

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[q] …….  represents the excess risk in the exposed population that can be attributed to the risk factor in percentage. Calculation uses RR.

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[q] …….. is the difference in risk (not the proportion) attributable to the intervention as compared to a control?

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[q] If 8% of people who receive a placebo vaccine develop the flu vs 2% of people who receive a flu vaccine, then ARR = …..?

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[q] ….. is the proportion of risk reduction attributable to the intervention as compared to a control?

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[q] If 2% of patients who receive a flu shot develop the flu, while 8% of unvaccinated patients develop the flu, then RR = 2/8 = 0.25, and RRR = …..?

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[q] …….. is How many do you have to do something to prevent one case of disease?

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[q] …….. is the umber of patients who need to be exposed to a risk factor for 1 patient to be harmed?

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[q] ….. is used to compare odds of exposure in cases group to the odds of exposure in control group?

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[q] Calculate the odds ration from this 2X2 table:

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[f]

[q] If the disease is rare (low disease prevalence), disease incidence (number of new cases) is typically low, and the OR generally approximates the RR. This is called the ……?

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[q] The principal drawback of crossover trials is that the effects of one treatment may “carry over’ and alter the response to subsequent treatments. To limit this disadvantage, ……. is often added between consecutive treatments?

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