[qwiz style=” width: 100% !important; !important; min-height: auto !important; border-width: 4px !important; border-color: #0099cc !important; ” align=”center” spacing=”5″]
[h] Behavioral Science Flashcards
[i] Master EL Husseiny’s Essentials of Behavioral Science in just 2 hours.
[q] ……. is the rate at which new events occur in a population and should not include old cases or dead cases in the denominator?
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IEluY2lkZW5jZSByYXRlIChJUiku
Cg==Cg==[Qq]Mnemonic: Incidence is the rate at which new cases coming in.
[q] …… is the cumulative incidence of infection in a group of people observed over a period of time during an epidemic, usually in relation to foodborne illness?
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IEF0dGFjayByYXRlLg==[Qq]
[q] ……. is the rate at which All persons who experience an event in a population (old and new cases) and should not include dead cases in the denominator?
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IFByZXZhbGVuY2UgcmF0ZS4=
Cg==Cg==[Qq][q] …… is prevalence during a particular “point in time”.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IFBvaW50IHByZXZhbGVuY2Uu[Qq]
[q] …… is prevalence during a specified period or “span of time”.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IFBlcmlvZCBwcmV2YWxlbmNlLg==[Qq]
[q] Prevalence ≈ incidence for ……..? Prevalence > incidence for …….?
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IHNob3J0IGR1cmF0aW9uIGRpc2Vhc2UgKGNvbW1vbiBjb2xkKS4gQ2hyb25pYyBkaXNlYXNlcyAoZGlhYmV0ZXMpLg==
Cg==UHJldmFsZW5jZSA9IEluY2lkZW5jZSDDlyBEdXJhdGlvbiAoUCA9IEkgw5cgRCk=[Qq]
[q] How do prevalence and incidence change if an effective prevention, such as a vaccine (primary prevention), is discovered?
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IEJvdGggaW5jaWRlbmNlIGFuZCBwcmV2YWxlbmNlIHdpbGwgZ28gZG93bi4=[Qq]
[q] How do prevalence and incidence change if cure (secondary prevention) is discovered?
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IFByZXZhbGVuY2Ugd2lsbCBnbyBkb3duIHdpdGggbm8gZWZmZWN0IG9uIGluY2lkZW5jZS4=[Qq]
[q] How do prevalence and incidence change if an effective therapy prolongs life discovered, but does not cure?
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IFByZXZhbGVuY2Ugd2lsbCBpbmNyZWFzZXMgd2l0aCBubyBlZmZlY3Qgb24gaW5jaWRlbmNlLg==
Cg==QW4gaW5jcmVhc2luZyBwcmV2YWxlbmNlIGFuZCBzdGFibGUgaW5jaWRlbmNlIGNhbiBiZSBhdHRyaWJ1dGVkIHRvIGZhY3RvcnMgd2hpY2ggcHJvbG9uZyB0aGUgZHVyYXRpb24gb2YgYSBkaXNlYXNlIChpbXByb3ZlZCBxdWFsaXR5IG9mIGNhcmUpLg==[Qq]
[q] …… the probability of correctly identifying a case of disease?
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IFNlbnNpdGl2aXR5Lg==
Cg==Cg==VGhpcyBpcyBhbHNvIGtub3duIGFzIHRoZSDigJx0cnVlIHBvc2l0aXZlIHJhdGXigJ0u
[Qq]Everyone in the calculation is a diseased person.
TP on top divided by everything in the same column.
SEN = 750/(750 + 250) = 750/1,000 = 75%
[q] …. is the probability of correctly identifying disease-free persons.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IFNwZWNpZmljaXR5Lg==
Cg==VGhpcyBpcyBhbHNvIGtub3duIGFzIHRoZSDigJx0cnVlIG5lZ2F0aXZlIHJhdGXigJ0u
Cg==RXZlcnlvbmUgaW4gdGhlIGNhbGN1bGF0aW9uIGlzIGEgaGVhbHRoeSBwZXJzb24u
[Qq]TN in top divided by everything in the same column.
SPEC = 950/(950 + 50) = 950/1,000 = 95%.
[q] ….. is the probability of disease in a person who receives a positive test result?
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IFBvc2l0aXZlIHByZWRpY3RpdmUgdmFsdWUu
Cg==RXZlcnlvbmUgaW4gdGhlIGNhbGN1bGF0aW9uIGdvdCBhIHBvc2l0aXZlIG9uIHRoZSB0ZXN0Lg==
Cg==VFAgb24gdG9wIGRpdmlkZWQgYnkgZXZlcnl0aGluZyBpbiB0aGUgc2FtZSByb3cu
[Qq]PPV = 750/(750 + 50) = 750/800 = 93.8%
[q] …….. is the probability of no disease in a person who receives a negative test result?
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IE5lZ2F0aXZlIHByZWRpY3RpdmUgdmFsdWUu
Cg==RXZlcnlvbmUgaW4gdGhlIGNhbGN1bGF0aW9uIGdvdCBhIG5lZ2F0aXZlIG9uIHRoZSB0ZXN0Lg==
Cg==VE4gb24gdG9wIGRpdmlkZWQgYnkgZXZlcnl0aGluZyBpbiB0aGUgc2FtZSByb3cu
[Qq]NPV = 950/(950 + 250) = 950/1,200 = 79.2%.
[q] What is the effect of increased prevalence on sensitivity? On positive predictive value?
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IFNlbnNpdGl2aXR5IHN0YXlzIHRoZSBzYW1lLCBwb3NpdGl2ZSBwcmVkaWN0aXZlIHZhbHVlIGluY3JlYXNlcy4=
Cg==Cg==Qm90aCB0aGUgcG9zaXRpdmUgcHJlZGljdGl2ZSB2YWx1ZSAoUFBWKSBhbmQgbmVnYXRpdmUgcHJlZGljdGl2ZSB2YWx1ZSAoTlBWKSBvZiBhIHRlc3QgZGVwZW5kIG9uIHRoZSBwcmV2YWxlbmNlIG9mIHRoZSBkaXNlYXNlIG9mIGludGVyZXN0IGluIHRoZSBwb3B1bGF0aW9uIGluIHdoaWNoIHRoZSB0ZXN0IGlzIGFwcGxpZWQuIFBQViBJbmNyZWFzZXMgYW5kIE5QViBkZWNyZWFzZXMgd2l0aCBhbiBJbmNyZWFzZSBpbiBwcmV2YWxlbmNlLg==
[Qq][q] What is the effect of the pretest probability on negative predictive value?
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IFJlbWVtYmVyIHRoYXQgdGhlIE5QViB3aWxsIHZhcnkgd2l0aCB0aGUgcHJldGVzdCBwcm9iYWJpbGl0eSBvZiBhIGRpc2Vhc2UuIEEgcGF0aWVudCB3aXRoIGEgaGlnaCBwcm9iYWJpbGl0eSBvZiBoYXZpbmcgYSBkaXNlYXNlIHdpbGwgaGF2ZSBhIGxvdyBOUFYgd2l0aCBhIG5lZ2F0aXZlIHRlc3QgYnV0IGEgcGF0aWVudCB3aXRoIGEgbG93IHByb2JhYmlsaXR5IG9mIGhhdmluZyBhIGRpc2Vhc2Ugd2lsbCBoYXZlIGEgaGlnaCBOUFYgd2l0aCBhIG5lZ2F0aXZlIHRlc3Qu[Qq]
[q]
1. What is the Point of optimum seNsitivty & point of optimum Negative predictive value?
2. What is the Point of optimum sPecificity & point of optimum Positive predictive value?
3. What is the effect of lowering the cuttoff point from B –>A?
4. What is the effect of raising the cuttoff point from B –>C?
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]
Cg==MS4gQQ==
Cg==[Qq]2. C
3. ↑ seNsitivty & point of optimum Negative predictive value. ↓ sPecificity & point of optimum Positive predictive value.
↓ seNsitivty & point of optimum Negative predictive value. ↑ sPecificity & point of optimum Positive predictive value.
[q] Decreased overlap between the healthy and diseased population curves decreases both the number of FP and FN, What is the effect of this on sensitivity and specifity?
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IFRoZSBkYXNoZWQgY3VydmVzIGFyZSBhc3NvY2lhdGVkIHdpdGggaGlnaGVyIHNlbnNpdGl2aXR5IGFuZCBzcGVjaWZpY2l0eS4=[Qq]
[q] What is the best screening test of (A,B, C, D, E)?
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IEUuIHRoZSBoaWdoZXN0IHNlbnNpdGl2aXR5IHdpdGggbG93ZXN0IGxvc2luZyBvZiBzcGVjaWZpdHkuIFRoZSBiZXR0ZXIgcGVyZm9ybWluZyB0ZXN0IHdpbGwgaGF2ZSBhIGhpZ2hlciBhcmVhIHVuZGVyIHRoZSBjdXJ2ZSAoQVVDKSwgd2l0aCB0aGUgY3VydmUgY2xvc2VyIHRvIHRoZSB1cHBlciBsZWZ0IGNvcm5lci4=[Qq]
[q] Which type of research study?
Exposure and outcome are measured simultaneously at a particular point in time.
Also called Prevalence study.
Cannot provide incidence.
Analysis assesses only the association between disease and risk factors, not causation.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IENyb3NzLXNlY3Rpb25hbCBzdHVkeS4=
Cg==Cg==[Qq][q] Which type of research study?
Designed by selecting individuals with a particular disease (cases), individuals without that disease (controls), and then evaluating previous exposure status.
Looks backward in time for the presence or absence of risk factors (Retrospective).
Can give evidence for causality.
No assessment of prevalence or incidence.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IENhc2UtQ29udHJvbCBTdHVkeS4=
Cg==Cg==[Qq][q] Which type of research study?
Identifies people with risk factors and compares disease incidence to incidence rate in another group of people without those risk factors.
Can be prospective or retrospective.
Gives assessment of incidence and causality.
No estimate of prevalence.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IENvaG9ydCBTdHVkeS4=
Cg==Cg==[Qq][q] The critical distinction between case control and retrospective cohort studies is ……?
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IFRoZSBvcmRlciBpbiB3aGljaCBvdXRjb21lcyBhbmQgcmlzayBmYWN0b3JzIGFyZSBhc3Nlc3NlZA==[Qq]
[q] ….. is used in cohort studies to determine how strongly a risk factor (exposure) is associated with an outcome?
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IFJlbGF0aXZlIHJpc2sgKFJSKS4=
Cg==Cg==[Qq][q] If relative risk equals 1, this means ……?
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IFJSID0gMSDihpIgbm8gYXNzb2NpYXRpb24gYmV0d2VlbiBleHBvc3VyZSBhbmQgb3V0Y29tZS4=[Qq]
[q] Calculate RR from this 2X2 table:
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]
Cg==Cg==[Qq][q] …….. compares incidence rates in groups with and without risk by subtraction (excess risk that is attributable to the exposure)?
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IEF0dHJpYnV0YWJsZSBSaXNrIChBUiku[Qq]
[q] If risk of lung cancer in smokers is 21% and risk in nonsmokers is 1%, then the attributable risk is …..?
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IDIwJS4=[Qq]
[q] ……. represents the excess risk in the exposed population that can be attributed to the risk factor in percentage. Calculation uses RR.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IEF0dHJpYnV0YWJsZSBSaXNrIFBlcmNlbnQgKEFSJSku
Cg==Cg==[Qq][q] …….. is the difference in risk (not the proportion) attributable to the intervention as compared to a control?
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IEFic29sdXRlIHJpc2sgcmVkdWN0aW9uID0gKEluY2lkZW5jZSBpbiBjb250cm9sICYjODIxMTsgSW5jaWRlbmNlIGluIHRyZXRtZW50KS4=[Qq]
[q] If 8% of people who receive a placebo vaccine develop the flu vs 2% of people who receive a flu vaccine, then ARR = …..?
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IEFSUiA9IDgl4oCTMiUgPSA2JSA9IDAuMDYu[Qq]
[q] ….. is the proportion of risk reduction attributable to the intervention as compared to a control?
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IFJlbGF0aXZlIHJpc2sgcmVkdWN0aW9uIChSUlIpID0gMSDigJMgUlI=[Qq]
[q] If 2% of patients who receive a flu shot develop the flu, while 8% of unvaccinated patients develop the flu, then RR = 2/8 = 0.25, and RRR = …..?
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IDAuNzUu[Qq]
[q] …….. is How many do you have to do something to prevent one case of disease?
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IE51bWJlciBOZWVkZWQgdG8gVHJlYXQgKE5OVCkuIENhbGN1bGF0ZWQgYXMgaW52ZXJzZSBvZiBBYnNvbHV0ZSByaXNrIHJlZHVjdGlvbiAoQVJSKS4gTG93ZXIgbnVtYmVyID0gYmV0dGVyIHRyZWF0bWVudC4=[Qq]
[q] …….. is the umber of patients who need to be exposed to a risk factor for 1 patient to be harmed?
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IE51bWJlciBuZWVkZWQgdG8gaGFybSAoTk5IKS4gQ2FsY3VsYXRlZCBhcyBpbnZlcnNlIG9mIEF0dHJpYnV0YWJsZSByaXNrLiBIaWdoZXIgbnVtYmVyID0gc2FmZXIgZXhwb3N1cmUu[Qq]
[q] ….. is used to compare odds of exposure in cases group to the odds of exposure in control group?
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IE9kZHMgUmF0aW8u[Qq]
[q] Calculate the odds ration from this 2X2 table:
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]
Cg==Cg==[Qq][q] If the disease is rare (low disease prevalence), disease incidence (number of new cases) is typically low, and the OR generally approximates the RR. This is called the ……?
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IFJhcmUgZGlzZWFzZSBhc3N1bXB0aW9uLg==[Qq]
[q] The principal drawback of crossover trials is that the effects of one treatment may “carry over’ and alter the response to subsequent treatments. To limit this disadvantage, ……. is often added between consecutive treatments?
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IFdhc2hvdXQgKG5vIHRyZWF0bWVudCkgcGVyaW9kLg==
Cg==Cg==[Qq][q] ………. is the consistency and reproducibility of a test (reliability). It become maximal when random error is minimal. When ↑ –> ↓ standard deviation.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IFByZWNpc2lvbi4=
Cg==Cg==[Qq][q] …….. is the trueness of test measurements (validity). It become maximal with absence of systematic error.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IEFjY3VyYWN5Lg==
Cg==Cg==[Qq][q] Which type of bias?
Study population selected from hospital is less healthy than general population (admitted in the hospital).
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IEJlcmtzb24mIzgyMTc7cyBiaWFzIHdoaWNoIGlzIGEgc3VidHlwZSBvZiBzZWxlY3Rpb24gYmlhcy4=[Qq]
[q] Which type of bias?
Study population selected from working police officers (healthier on average than the general population)?
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IEhlYWx0aHkgd29ya2VyIGVmZmVjdCB3aGljaCBpcyBhIHN1YnR5cGUgb2Ygc2VsZWN0aW9uIGJpYXMu[Qq]
[q] Which type of bias?
Occurs when individuals with severe or mild disease are excluded from your sample, resulting in an error in the estimated association between an exposure and an outcome?
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IFByZXZhbGVuY2UgKE5leW1hbikgYmlhcyB3aGljaCBpcyBhIHN1YnR5cGUgb2Ygc2VsZWN0aW9uIGJpYXMu[Qq]
[q] Which type of bias?
Disproportionate loss to follow-up between the exposed and unexposed groups.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IEF0dHJpdGlvbiBiaWFzIChsb3NzIG9mIGZvbGxvdyB1cCBiaWFzKSB3aGljaCBpcyBhIHN1YnR5cGUgb2Ygc2VsZWN0aW9uIGJpYXMu[Qq]
[q] Solution to selection biases is ………?
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IFJhbmRvbSBhc3NpZ25tZW50LiBBbiBpZGVhbCByYW5kb21pemF0aW9uIHByb2Nlc3MgbWluaW1pemVzIHNlbGVjdGlvbiBiaWFzLCByZXN1bHRzIGluIG5lYXItZXF1YWwgdHJlYXRtZW50IGFuZCBjb250cm9sIGdyb3VwIHNpemVzIGFuZCBhY2hpZXZlcyBhIGxvdyBwcm9iYWJpbGl0eSBvZiBjb25mb3VuZGluZyB2YXJpYWJsZXMu[Qq]
[q] Which type of bias?
Suggesting in word choice, nonverbal behavior, or tone, what answer is preferred.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IExlYWRpbmcgcXVlc3Rpb25zIGJpYXMu[Qq]
[q] Which type of bias?
The tendency of a study population to affect an outcome due to the knowledge of being studied.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IEhhd3Rob3JuZSBlZmZlY3Qu[Qq]
[q] Which type of bias?
Occurs when the investigator’s decision is adversely affected by knowledge of the exposure status.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IE9ic2VydmVyLUV4cGVjdGFuY3kgQmlhcyAoUHlnbWFsaW9uIGVmZmVjdCku[Qq]
[q]Which type of bias?
Results from inaccurate recall of past exposure by people in the study and applies mostly to retrospective studies such as case-control studies.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IFJlY2FsbCBiaWFzLg==[Qq]
[q] Which type of bias?
Occur if subjects over- or under-report exposure history due to perceived social stigmatization (smoking, sexual experiences).
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IFJlcG9ydGluZyBiaWFzLg==[Qq]
[q] Which type of bias?
Subjects in different groups are not treated the same. Patients in treatment group spend more time in highly specialized hospital units.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IFByb2NlZHVyZSBiaWFzLg==[Qq]
[q] Solution to measurement bias is …..?
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IERvdWJsZS1ibGluZCBkZXNpZ246IElmIHRoZSByZXNlYXJjaGVycyBkbyBub3QgaGF2ZSB0aGUga25vd2xlZGdlLCBpdCBjYW5ub3QgaW5mbHVlbmNlIGhvdyB0aGV5IGRlYWwgd2l0aCByZXNlYXJjaCBzdWJqZWN0cy4=[Qq]
[q] Which type of bias?
Artificial increase in survival time among tested patients who actually have an unchanged prognosis.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IExlYWQtVGltZSBCaWFzLg==
Cg==Cg==[Qq][q] Which type of bias?
New surgical procedures are done by the most expert surgeons, yielding an inflated estimate of the benefits and outcomes from the surgery.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IFByb2ZpY2llbmN5IEJpYXMu[Qq]
[q] Which type of bias?
Third variable, not the subject of research interest, produces the observed results. Related to both exposure and outcome. After doing stratified analysis based on the third variable, we discovered, there is no associated between the exposure and outcome.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IENvbmZvdW5kaW5nIGJpYXMu[Qq]
[q]……. is a method generally used in the design stage of case-control studies to control confounding?
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IE1hdGNoaW5nLiBUaGUgaW5pdGlhbCBzdGVwIGluIG1hdGNoaW5nIGludm9sdmVzIHNlbGVjdGluZyB2YXJpYWJsZXMgdGhhdCBjb3VsZCBiZSBjb25mb3VuZGVycyAoYWdlLCByYWNlKS4gQ2FzZXMgYW5kIGNvbnRyb2xzIGFyZSB0aGVuIHNlbGVjdGVkIGJhc2VkIG9uIHRoZSBtYXRjaGluZyB2YXJpYWJsZXMgc28gdGhhdCBib3RoIGdyb3VwcyBoYXZlIGEgc2ltaWxhciBkaXN0cmlidXRpb24gaW4gYWNjb3JkYW5jZSB3aXRoIHRoZSB2YXJpYWJsZXMu[Qq]
[q] ….. results when an external variable positively or negatively impacts the effect of a risk factor on the disease of interest. This variable is related to outcome but not related to exposure. It is not a bias, but rather is a natural phenomenon
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IEVmZmVjdCBtb2RpZmljYXRpb24u[Qq]
[q] Mean is the Mathematical average. We can calculate mean by……?
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IEFkZCB0b2dldGhlciBhbGwgdmFsdWVzIGFuZCBkaXZpZGUgYnkgbnVtYmVyIG9mIG9ic2VydmF0aW9ucy4=[Qq]
[q] Median is the 50th percentile. We can calculate median by ……?
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IFRoZSBtaWRkbGUgbnVtYmVyLg==
Cg==JiM4MjExOyBUaGUgbWVkaWFuIG9mIGFuIG9yZGVyZWQgZGF0YXNldCBpcyB0aGUgbnVtYmVyIHRoYXQgc2VwYXJhdGVzIHRoZSByaWdodCBoYWxmIG9mIHRoZSBkYXRhIGZyb20gdGhlIGxlZnQgaGFsZi4=
Cg==JiM4MjExOyBJZiBldmVuIG51bWJlciBvZiBvYnNlcnZhdGlvbnM7IGFkZCBtaWRkbGUgMiBudW1iZXJzIGFuZCBkaXZpZGUgYnkgMi4=[Qq]
[q] In ………… Mean = median = mode.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IE5vcm1hbCBkaXN0cmlidXRpb24gY3VydmUsIGFsc28gY2FsbGVkIGJlbGwtc2hhcGVkIGN1cnZlLg==[Qq]
[q]……… tend to be resistant to outliers.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IE1vZGVzLg==[Qq]
[q] In ………, there is asymmetry with longer tail on left. Typically, mean<median<mode.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IE5lZ2F0aXZlIHNrZXdlZCBjdXJ2ZS4=[Qq]
[q] In ………, there is asymmetry with longer tail on right. Typically, mean>median>mode.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IFBvc2l0aXZlIHNrZXdlZCBjdXJ2ZS4=[Qq]
[q] …….. of all the values lie within 1 standard deviation from the mean. …… of values are within 2 standard deviations from the mean and ….. are within 3 standard deviations.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IDY4JSwgOTUlLCA5OS43ICUgUnVsZS4=[Qq]
[q] ……… is the range of values in which one can be 95% confident that the true mean of the underlying population falls.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IDk1JSBjb25maWRlbmNlIGludGVydmFsIChDbCku
Cg==Cg==[Qq][q] Z score for the 95% CI is …., Z score for the 99% CI is ….
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]
Cg==Rm9yIHRoZSA5NSUgQ0ksIFogPSAxLjk2Lg==
Cg==Rm9yIHRoZSA5OSUgQ0ksIFogPSAyLjU4Lg==
[Qq][q] Interpreting Confidence Intervals for Relative Risks and Odds Ratios:
1. If the 95% CI for odds ratio or relative risk includes 1?
2. If the CIs between 2 groups overlap?
3. If the CIs between 2 groups do not overlap?
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]
Cg==MS4gVGhlcmUgaXMgbm8gc2lnbmlmaWNhbnQgZGlmZmVyZW5jZS4=
Cg==Mi4gTm8gc2lnbmlmaWNhbnQgZGlmZmVyZW5jZSBleGlzdHMu
[Qq]3. Statistically significant difference exists.
[q] The p-value is the probability of observing a given (or more extreme) result due to chance alone, assuming the null hypothesis is true. A result is generally considered statistically significant when p ≤ …….
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IHAg4omkMC4wNQ==[Qq]
[q] Which type of statistical error?
– Reject the null hypothesis when it is really true.
– Stating that there is an effect or difference when none exists (null hypothesis incorrectly rejected in favor of alternative hypothesis).
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IFR5cGUgSSAoYWxwaGEgZXJyb3IpLg==[Qq]
[q] …… estimates chance of Type I error?
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IENvbXB1dGVkIHAtdmFsdWUu[Qq]
[q] Which type of statistical error?
– Not reject the null hypothesis when it is really false.
– Stating that there is not an effect or difference when one exists (null hypothesis is not rejected when it is in fact false).
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IFR5cGUgSUkgKGJldGEgZXJyb3IpLg==[Qq]
[q] 1-Power = …….
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IFR5cGUgSUkgZXJyb3Iu[Qq]
[q] …… is the probability of rejecting the null hypothesis when it is truly false?
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IFN0YXRpc3RpY2FsIFBvd2VyLg==[Qq]
[q] 1 – β= ….?
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IFN0YXRpc3RpY2FsIFBvd2VyLg==[Qq]
[q] List Three things increase the power of your study…..?
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]
Cg==JiM4MjExOyBMYXJnZXIgc2FtcGxlIHNpemUgKG1vcmUgaW5mb3JtYXRpb24pLiBUaGVyZSBpcyBwb3dlciBpbiBudW1iZXJzLg==
CiYjODIxMTsgTGFyZ2VyIGVmZmVjdCBzaXplIChsb29raW5nIGZvciBzb21ldGhpbmcgYmlnZ2VyKS4=
CiYjODIxMTsg4oaRIHByZWNpc2lvbiBvZiBtZWFzdXJlbWVudC4=[Qq]
[q] Which type of Statistical Test?
Checking the differences between means of 2 groups (comparing the mean blood pressure between men and women)?
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IFQtVGVzdC4gVGVhIGlzIG1lYW50IGZvciAyLg==[Qq]
[q] Which type of Statistical Test?
Checks differences between means of 3 or more groups (comparing the mean blood pressure between members of 3 different ethnic groups)?
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IEFOT1ZBLiBBTmFseXNpcyBPZiBWQXJpYW5jZSAoMyB3b3Jkcyku[Qq]
[q] Which type of Statistical Test?
Checks differences between 2 or more percentages or proportions of categorical outcomes (not mean values)?
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IENoaS1TcXVhcmUuIFByb25vdW5jZSBDaGktdGVnb3JpY2FsLg==[Qq]
[q] …….. is used instead of chi-square test with small populations?
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IEZpc2hlcuKAmXMgZXhhY3QgdGVzdC4=[Qq]
[q] Choose the correct Pearson correlation between these values (-1, -.8, -.2, 0, +.2, +.8, +1)
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]
Cg==JiM4MjExOyBQb3NpdGl2ZSBudW1iZXIg4oaSIHByb3BvcnRpb25hbCByZWxhdGlvbnNoaXAgKGFzIG9uZSB2YXJpYWJsZSDihpEsIHRoZSBvdGhlciB2YXJpYWJsZSDihpEpLg==
Cg==JiM4MjExOyBOZWdhdGl2ZSBudW1iZXIg4oaSIGludmVyc2UgcmVsYXRpb25zaGlwIChhcyBvbmUgdmFyaWFibGUg4oaRLCB0aGUgb3RoZXIgdmFyaWFibGUg4oaTKS4=
[Qq]– The closer the absolute value of r is to 1, the stronger the linear correlation between the 2 variables, either positive or negative.
– A correlation coefficient of 0 → there is no association (a random distribution).
[q] A patient receives chemotherapy (UCS), which induces nausea. Eventually, the sights and sounds of the hospital alone elicit nausea is an example of ….?
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IENsYXNzaWNhbCBDb25kaXRpb25pbmcu
Cg==Cg==[Qq][q] Pressing a lever resulting in the delivery of food. After receiving food, the bar-pressing behavior increased is an example of ……?
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IE9wZXJhbnQgQ29uZGl0aW9uaW5nLg==
Cg==Cg==[Qq][q] Giving money to child for good grades is an example of …..?
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IFBvc2l0aXZlIHJlaW5mb3JjZXIu[Qq]
[q] Loud buzz to put on the seatbelt is an example of …..?
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IE5lZ2F0aXZlIHJlaW5mb3JjZXIu[Qq]
[q] Speeding tickets when you pass the speed limit is an example of ……..?
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IFB1bmlzaG1lbnQu[Qq]
[q] If complaining results in a patient receiving a lot of attention, stopping the attention will eventually stop the undesired behavior. This is an example of …..?
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IEV4dGluY3Rpb24u[Qq]
[q] Which type of behavioral therapy?
Usually begins with imagining oneself in a progression of fearful situations and using relaxation strategies that compete with anxiety.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IFN5c3RlbWF0aWMgZGVzZW5zaXRpemF0aW9uLg==[Qq]
[q] Which type of behavioral therapy?
Forced exposure to the feared object. Exposure maintained until fear response is extinguished.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IEV4cG9zdXJlLg==[Qq]
[q] Which type of behavioral therapy?
An alcoholic is given a nausea-inducing drug (disulfiram) whenever he drinks so that drinking eventually comes to elicit unpleasant rather than pleasant events.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IEF2ZXJzaXZlIGNvbmRpdGlvbmluZw==[Qq]
[q] Which type of behavioral therapy?
An autistic boy who won’t speak is first reinforced, perhaps with candy, for any utterance. From those utterances, the appropriate phonemes are selected and reinforced until the child utters the sought-after sounds. Eventually, reinforcement is contingent on his using speech correctly in the proper context.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IFNoYXBpbmcgKG9yIHN1Y2Nlc3NpdmUgYXBwcm94aW1hdGlvbnMpOg==[Qq]
[q] Which type of behavioral therapy?
A person’s eating behavior is tied to a particular stimulus, such as television watching. Reducing the time watching television should reduce the amount eaten.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IFN0aW11bHVzIGNvbnRyb2wu[Qq]
[q] Which type of behavioral therapy?
Promoting smoking cessation by reducing the nicotine content of the cigarettes gradually and “silently” over a period of time.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IEZhZGluZy4=[Qq]
[q] Which type of Defense Mechanisms?
Man accuses his wife of having an affair, when he is attracted to his new work colleague.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IFByb2plY3Rpb24u[Qq]
[q] Which type of Defense Mechanisms?
A resident starts putting his stethoscope in his pocket like his favorite attending, instead of wearing it around his neck like before.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IElkZW50aWZpY2F0aW9uLg==[Qq]
[q] Which type of Defense Mechanisms?
“Those tests may say I have cancer, but they are wrong”.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IERlbmlhbC4=[Qq]
[q] Which type of Defense Mechanisms?
“You are the best doctor in the world. My old doctor was a malpractice nightmare”
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IFNwbGl0dGluZy4=[Qq]
[q] Which type of Defense Mechanisms?
A patient boasts about his physician and his accomplishments while ignoring any flaws.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IElkZWFsaXphdGlvbi4=[Qq]
[q] Which type of Defense Mechanisms?
A boy who was sexually abused cannot recall time spent with his uncle.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IFJlcHJlc3Npb24u[Qq]
[q] Which type of Defense Mechanisms?
The resident was shamed and angered by being reprimanded by the attending and instead of acknowledging his feelings, he displaces his negative emotions onto a “safer” target by making sarcastic, shaming comments to a junior member of the team.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IERpc3BsYWNlbWVudC4=[Qq]
[q] Which type of Defense Mechanisms?
Subconsciously coping with stressors or emotional conflict using actions rather than reflections or feelings (Getting drunk, driving fast, overeating, having sex, playing music loudly, getting into fights).
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IEFjdGluZyBPdXQu[Qq]
[q] Which type of Defense Mechanisms?
A previously toilet-trained child develops enuresis after his baby brother is born.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IFJlZ3Jlc3Npb24u[Qq]
[q] Which type of Defense Mechanisms?
Woman says she is not sad about her divorce, but complains of headaches and GI upset.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IFNvbWF0aXphdGlvbi4=[Qq]
[q] Which type of Defense Mechanisms?
A surgeon tells a patient about negative results without empathy or sensitivity.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IElzb2xhdGlvbiBvZiBBZmZlY3Qu[Qq]
[q] Which type of Defense Mechanisms?
The patient keeps working (another intellectual focus) and discussing details of his medical condition (cancer diagnosis), but not his feelings, with his family interferes with the patient’s ability to deal with his feelings and to grieve with his family.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IEludGVsbGVjdHVhbGl6YXRpb24u[Qq]
[q] Which type of Defense Mechanisms?
A mother who does not want her new baby is very solicitous and overprotective.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IFJlYWN0aW9uIEZvcm1hdGlvbi4=
Cg==Cg==[Qq][q] Which type of Defense Mechanisms?
A man who is sexually aroused by woman he meets immediately leaves and buys his wife flowers.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IFVuZG9pbmcu[Qq]
[q] Which type of Defense Mechanisms?
“If the room were not so dam noisy, I would have done better on the exam.”
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IFJhdGlvbmFsaXphdGlvbi4=[Qq]
[q] Which type of Defense Mechanisms?
A woman makes a date to meet someone at a restaurant but does not show up.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IFBhc3NpdmUgQWdncmVzc2l2ZS4=[Qq]
[q] Which type of Defense Mechanisms?
A woman who was raped says that during the rape she felt as if she were floating on the ceiling instead of being within her own body (depersonalization).
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IERpc3NvY2lhdGlvbi4=[Qq]
[q] Which type of Defense Mechanisms?
Joking about failing the board exam.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IEh1bW9yLg==[Qq]
[q] Which type of Defense Mechanisms?
A medical student forgets about his workload while at a party, but then remembers the test he has to study for as he returns to his room.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IFN1cHByZXNzaW9uLg==[Qq]
[q] Which type of Defense Mechanisms?
Mafia boss makes large donation to charity.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IEFsdHJ1aXNtLg==[Qq]
[q] Which type of Defense Mechanisms?
Intense hostility and anger are redirected by choosing boxing as a sport.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IFN1YmxpbWF0aW9uLg==
Cg==Cg==[Qq][q] Emotions and reactions to someone in the past are unconsciously carried forward and applied to someone in the present. From Patient toward doctor is called —> …… and from Doctor to patient is called ……
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IHRyYW5zZmVyZW5jZSwgY291bnRlcnRyYW5zZmVyZW5jZS4=[Qq]
[q] What is the most likely diagnosis?
7 years old child presenting with multiple bone fracture at different stage of healing, cigarette burns + the child is trying to avoid eye contact during examination + his parent has history of substance abuse?
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IENoaWxkIFBoeXNpY2FsIGFidXNlLg==
Cg==Cg==Q2hpbGQgYWJ1c2UgaXMgYSBtYW5kYXRvcnkgcmVwb3J0YWJsZSBvZmZlbnNlIHVwIHRvIGFnZSAxOC4gRmFpbHVyZSB0byBkbyBzbyBpcyBjcmltaW5hbCBvZmZlbnNlLiBJZiBjYXNlIGlzIHJlcG9ydGVkIGluIGVycm9yLCB0aGUgcGh5c2ljaWFuIGlzIHByb3RlY3RlZCBmcm9tIGxlZ2FsIGxpYWJpbGl0eS4gUGh5c2ljaWFucyBzaG91bGQgaGF2ZSBhIGhpZ2ggaW5kZXggb2Ygc3VzcGljaW9uIGZvciBwaHlzaWNhbC9zZXh1YWwgYWJ1c2UgaW4gY2hpbGRyZW4gd2l0aCBzdWRkZW4gYmVoYXZpb3JhbCBwcm9ibGVtcywgc3RyZXNzZnVsIGZhbWlseSBlbnZpcm9ubWVudHMsIG9yIHBhcmVudHMgd2l0aCBhY3RpdmUgZHJ1Zy9hbGNvaG9sIGFidXNlLg==[Qq]
[q] What is the most likely diagnosis?
12 years old female child presenting with sexually transmitted infection, during examination there is genital and anal trauma + the child is trying to avoid eye contact during examination?
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IENoaWxkIFNleHVhbCBhYnVzZS4=
Cg==Cg==Q2hpbGQgYWJ1c2UgaXMgYSBtYW5kYXRvcnkgcmVwb3J0YWJsZSBvZmZlbnNlIHVwIHRvIGFnZSAxOC4gRmFpbHVyZSB0byBkbyBzbyBpcyBjcmltaW5hbCBvZmZlbnNlLiBJZiBjYXNlIGlzIHJlcG9ydGVkIGluIGVycm9yLCB0aGUgcGh5c2ljaWFuIGlzIHByb3RlY3RlZCBmcm9tIGxlZ2FsIGxpYWJpbGl0eS4gUGh5c2ljaWFucyBzaG91bGQgaGF2ZSBhIGhpZ2ggaW5kZXggb2Ygc3VzcGljaW9uIGZvciBwaHlzaWNhbC9zZXh1YWwgYWJ1c2UgaW4gY2hpbGRyZW4gd2l0aCBzdWRkZW4gYmVoYXZpb3JhbCBwcm9ibGVtcywgc3RyZXNzZnVsIGZhbWlseSBlbnZpcm9ubWVudHMsIG9yIHBhcmVudHMgd2l0aCBhY3RpdmUgZHJ1Zy9hbGNvaG9sIGFidXNlLg==[Qq]
[q] What is the most likely diagnosis?
9 years old female child that looks malnourished with failure to thrive and bad hygiene and has social withdrawal?
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IENoaWxkIG5lZ2xlY3Qu
Cg==QXMgd2l0aCBjaGlsZCBhYnVzZSwgc3VzcGVjdGVkIGNoaWxkIG5lZ2xlY3QgbXVzdCBiZSByZXBvcnRlZCB0byBsb2NhbCBjaGlsZCBwcm90ZWN0aXZlIHNlcnZpY2VzLg==[Qq]
[q] Domestic Violence is (mandatory, not mandatory) to report?
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IE5vdCBhIG1hbmRhdG9yeSByZXBvcnRhYmxlIG9mZmVuc2UgaW4gbW9zdCBzdGF0ZXMu[Qq]
[q] What is the most likely diagnosis?
8 months child presenting by his parents with bulging/tense anterior fontanelle, and altered mental status, posterior rib fractures + the parent has history of substance abuse and telling you that he has a difficulty to handle the excessive crying of his baby?
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IEFidXNpdmUgaGVhZCB0cmF1bWEgKHNoYWtlbiBiYWJ5IHN5bmRyb21lKS4=
Cg==Cg==VGhlIHBhdGllbnQgc2hvdWxkIHVuZGVyZ28gbm9uY29udHJhc3QgaGVhZCBDVCBzY2FuIHRvIGV2YWx1YXRlIGZvciBpbnRyYWNyYW5pYWwgaW5qdXJ5LCBmdW5kb3Njb3BpYyBleGFtaW5hdGlvbiB0byBleGNsdWRlIHJldGluYWwgaGVtb3JyaGFnZSBhbmQgYSBza2VsZXRhbCBzdXJ2ZXkgdG8gaWRlbnRpZnkgb3RoZXIgaW5qdXJpZXMu
[Qq][q] What is the most likely diagnosis?
20 years old female presenting with discomfort about her sex assigned at birth and telling you that she feels like she is a male trapped in female body and desire to live as the opposite sex. She is not happy with her secondary sexual characteristics and started to take androgen to decrease her breast size?
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IEdlbmRlciBkeXNwaG9yaWEu
Cg==Cg==JiM4MjExOyBQaHlzaWNpYW5zIHNob3VsZCBwcm92aWRlIG5vbmp1ZGdtZW50YWwgc3VwcG9ydCBhbmQgZW5jb3VyYWdlIHRoZSBpbnZvbHZlbWVudCBvZiBzdXBwb3J0aXZlIGZhbWlseS9mcmllbmRzIGFzIGVhcmx5IGFzIHBvc3NpYmxlLg==
[Qq]– Adolescents with gender dysphoria are at increased risk of depression, anxiety, and bullying, which should be monitored, and they may benefit from mental health evaluation and treatment in addition to medical interventions.
[q] What is the most likely diagnosis?
30 Years old male presenting with Erectile dysfunction with sudden onset although he still has morning erection, the patient has marital problems recently?
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IFBzeWNob2dlbmljIEVELg==[Qq]
[q] The most common method of suicide in US is …..?
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IGZpcmVhcm1zLg==[Qq]
[q] Active suicidality is associated with intent and plan for self-harm. The first step in the care of patients with active suicidality is ……?
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IHRvIGVuc3VyZSB0aGVpciBzYWZldHkgYnkgYWRtaXR0aW5nIHRoZW0gdG8gYSBwc3ljaGlhdHJpYyB1bml0IChpbnZvbHVudGFyaWx5LCBpZiBuZWNlc3NhcnkpLg==
Cg==Cg==[Qq][q] What is the most likely diagnosis?
22 years old male presenting with excessive daytime sleepiness + loss of all muscle tone following strong emotional stimulus, such as laughter + hallucinations just before going to sleep + Sleep paralysis + low CSF level of hypocretin-1?
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IE5hcmNvbGVwc3ku
Cg==Cg==[Qq][q] …… is considered a first-line pharmacotherapy as it reduces daytime sleepiness, is generally well tolerated, and has less abuse potential compared with traditional stimulants (amphetamines, methylphenidate)?
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IE1vZGFmaW5pbCwgYSBub25hbXBoZXRhbWluZSBtZWRpY2F0aW9uIHRoYXQgcHJvbW90ZXMgd2FrZWZ1bG5lc3Mu
Cg==Cg==[Qq][q] What is the most likely diagnosis?
72 years old male presenting with decreased total sleep time, Increased nighttime awakenings, sleepiness earlier in the evening with earlier morning awakening, and increased daytime somnolence (napping).
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IE5vcm1hbCBhZ2UtcmVsYXRlZCBzbGVlcCBjaGFuZ2VzLg==
Cg==Tm8gZnVydGhlciB3b3JrdXAgaXMgbmVjZXNzYXJ5LCBhbmQgcGF0aWVudHMgc2hvdWxkIGJlIHJlYXNzdXJlZCB0aGF0IHRoZXNlIGNoYW5nZXMgYXJlIG5vcm1hbC4=[Qq]
[q] ….. involves recurrent awakenings from REM sleep associated with full alertness and dream recall. It should be differentiated from ……, which are characterized by partial arousals, unresponsiveness, and lack of dream content.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IE5pZ2h0bWFyZSBkaXNvcmRlciwgbm9uLVJFTSBzbGVlcCB0ZXJyb3JzLg==[Qq]
[q] Somnambulism (Sleep-walking) occurs in ……..
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IHN0YWdlIDQgc2xlZXAgKERlbHRhKS4=[Qq]
[q] ……. helps initiate sleep.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IFNlcm90b25pbi4=[Qq]
[q]…… produces arousal and wakefulness. Rises with waking.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IERvcGFtaW5lLg==[Qq]
[q] ……. is the biochemical trigger for REM sleep.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IFJhdGlvIG9mIEFDaCBhbmQgTkUu[Qq]
[q] What is the most likely diagnosis?
6 years old child presenting with Global cognitive deficits that affect reasoning, memory, abstract, thinking, judgment, language, learning + Adaptive functioning is impaired, leading to major difficulties with education, employment, communication, socialization, independence + IQ was measured and was 55?
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IEludGVsbGVjdHVhbCBEaXNhYmlsaXR5Lg==[Qq]
[q] What is the most likely diagnosis?
14 years old child presenting with inability to acquire or use information related to math for > 6 months despite focused intervention + he is doing fine in other subjects + General functioning and intelligence are normal?
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IFNwZWNpZmljIGxlYXJuaW5nIGRpc29yZGVyLg==[Qq]
[q] What is the most likely diagnosis?
7 years old child comes with his mother telling you that her child has poor communication and interaction, doesn’t share his emotions or interests with her or with his friends, doesn’t understand nonverbal communication + Restricted, repetitive behavior and feel very irritated when there is any change in this routine?
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IEF1dGlzbSBzcGVjdHJ1bSBkaXNvcmRlci4=
Cg==Cg==RWFybHkgaW50ZXJ2ZW50aW9uIGZvciBhdXRpc20gc3BlY3RydW0gZGlzb3JkZXIgKEFTRCkgaW4gdGhlIHByZXNjaG9vbCBhbmQgc2Nob29sLWFnZSB5ZWFycyBoYXMgYmVlbiBzaG93biB0byBzaWduaWZpY2FudGx5IGltcHJvdmUgb3V0Y29tZXMsIGlmIHRoZXJlIGlzIGFueSBjb25jZXJuIGFib3V0IEFTRCwgdGhvcm91Z2ggc2NyZWVuaW5nIGFuZCBldmFsdWF0aW9uIHNob3VsZCBiZSB1bmRlcnRha2VuIGFuZCBlZHVjYXRpb25hbC9iZWhhdmlvcmFsIHNlcnZpY2VzIG9mZmVyZWQgYXMgc29vbiBhcyBwb3NzaWJsZS4=
[Qq][q] What is the most likely diagnosis?
2 years old female comes with his mother telling you that her child was showing good progression of her motor and verbal milestones but now there is loss of development, loss of verbal abilities, intellectual disability, ataxia, stereotyped hand-wringing?
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IFJldHQgc3luZHJvbWUu[Qq]
[q] What is the most likely diagnosis?
12 years old child has repetitive and pervasive behavior violating the basic rights of others or societal norms (aggression to people and animals, setting fires, destruction of property, theft) for ≥ 1 year.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IENvbmR1Y3QgZGlzb3JkZXIu
Cg==QWZ0ZXIgYWdlIDE4LCBtYW55IG9mIHRoZXNlIHBhdGllbnRzIHdpbGwgbWVldCBjcml0ZXJpYSBmb3IgZGlhZ25vc2lzIG9mIGFudGlzb2NpYWwgcGVyc29uYWxpdHkgZGlzb3JkZXIu
Cg==[Qq]
[q] ……. is a behavioral disorder of childhood characterized by argumentative and defiant behavior toward authority figures in the absence of serious violations of social norms.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IE9wcG9zaXRpb25hbCBkZWZpYW50IGRpc29yZGVyLg==[Qq]
[q] What is the most likely diagnosis?
15 years old patient presenting with irresistible urges for eye blinking, head jerking, throat clearing and sometimes involuntary obscene speech that persist for > 1 year.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IFRvdXJldHRlIHN5bmRyb21lLg==
Cg==Cg==JiM4MjExOyBUb3VyZXR0ZSBkaXNvcmRlciBpcyBiZXN0IHRyZWF0ZWQgd2l0aCBhbnRpcHN5Y2hvdGljIG1lZGljYXRpb25zIGFuZCBoYWJpdCByZXZlcnNhbCB0cmFpbmluZy4gSGFsb3Blcmlkb2wgYW5kIHBpbW96aWRlIGFyZSBGREEgYXBwcm92ZWQsIGJ1dCBzZWNvbmQtZ2VuZXJhdGlvbiBhbnRpcHN5Y2hvdGljcyBzdWNoIGFzIHJpc3Blcmlkb25lIGFyZSB3ZWxsIHN0dWRpZWQgYW5kIGFyZSBpbmNyZWFzaW5nbHkgcHJlZmVycmVkIGR1ZSB0byB0aGVpciBmYXZvcmFibGUgc2lkZSBlZmZlY3QgcHJvZmlsZS4=
[Qq][q] Patients with Tourette syndrome have high rates of psychiatric comorbidity, with a significantly increased risk for …… and …..?
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IGF0dGVudGlvbi1kZWZpY2l0IGh5cGVyYWN0aXZpdHkgZGlzb3JkZXIgKEFESEQpIGFuZC9vciBvYnNlc3NpdmUtY29tcHVsc2l2ZSBkaXNvcmRlciAoT0NEKS4=[Qq]
[q] What is the most likely diagnosis?
12 years old child comes with his mother telling you that her child has inattentive symptoms include making careless mistakes, forgetfulness, not listening to his teachers, and avoidance/lack of follow-through with tasks in school + Hyperactive/impulsive symptoms include difficulty staying seated, hyperactivity, talkativeness, impulsivity, difficulty waiting his turn, and interrupting others for ≥ 6 months.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IEF0dGVudGlvbi1kZWZpY2l0IGh5cGVyYWN0aXZpdHkgZGlzb3JkZXIu
Cg==Cg==[Qq][q] …….. are first-line agents in school-aged children with ADHD. They work by increasing the availability of norepinephrine and dopamine in the prefrontal cortex. They have a rapid onset of action and are generally well tolerated. The most common adverse effect is decreased appetite.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IFN0aW11bGFudCBtZWRpY2F0aW9ucyAobWV0aHlpcGhlbmlkYXRlLCBhbXBoZXRhbWluZXMpLg==[Qq]
[q]….. is characterized by intentional and repeated fire setting with no obvious motive.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IFB5cm9tYW5pYS4=
Cg==Cg==[Qq][q] What is the most likely diagnosis?
25 years old patient has persistent beliefs that thinking aliens are communicating with him lasting > 1 month in the absence of other psychotic symptoms, functioning is not significantly impaired apart from the direct impact of the delusions.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IERlbHVzaW9ucy4=
Cg==Cg==Q2FuIGJlIHNoYXJlZCBieSBpbmRpdmlkdWFscyBpbiBjbG9zZSByZWxhdGlvbnNoaXBzIChmb2xpZSDDoCBkZXV4KS4gSW4gc2hhcmVkIHBzeWNob3RpYyBkaXNvcmRlciwgdGhlIGRvbWluYW50IHBlcnNvbiYjODIxNztzIGRlbHVzaW9uIGlzIHRyYW5zZmVycmVkIHRvIGEgbW9yZSBzdWJtaXNzaXZlIHBhcnRuZXIuIEl0IGlzIGltcG9ydGFudCB0byBzZXBhcmF0ZSB0aGUgaW5kaXZpZHVhbHMgdG8gZGV0ZXJtaW5lIHRoZSBkZWdyZWUgb2YgaW1wYWlybWVudCBpbiBlYWNoLiBTZXBhcmF0aW9uIGNhbiBhbHNvIGJlIHVzZWQgYXMgYSB0aGVyYXBldXRpYyBtZWFzdXJlIHRvIGJyZWFrIHRoZSBjeWNsZSBvZiBtdXR1YWwgcmVpbmZvcmNlbWVudC4=
[Qq][q] What is the most likely diagnosis?
25 years old male patient has persistent beliefs that thinking aliens are communicating with him + auditory commands giving him orders + incoherent speech with words that has no association + loss of facial expression, loss of interest and povery of speech for more than 6 months?
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IFNjaGl6b3BocmVuaWEu
Cg==Cg==[Qq][q] What is the most likely diagnosis?
25 years old male patient has persistent beliefs that thinking aliens are communicating with him + auditory commands giving him orders + incoherent speech with words that has no association + loss of facial expression, loss of interest and povery of speech for >1 month but <6 months?
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IFNjaGl6b3BocmVuaWZvcm0gZGlzb3JkZXIu
Cg==Cg==[Qq][q] What is the most likely diagnosis?
25 years old male patient has persistent beliefs that thinking aliens are communicating with him + auditory commands giving him orders + incoherent speech with words that has no association + loss of facial expression, loss of interest and povery of speech lasting < 1 month?
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IEJyaWVmIHBzeWNob3RpYyBkaXNvcmRlci4=
Cg==Cg==[Qq][q] …… is characterized by a significant mood episode (depressive or manic) with concurrent psychotic symptoms in addition to psychosis without mood symptoms for at least 2 weeks.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IFNjaGl6b2FmZmVjdGl2ZSBkaXNvcmRlci4=
Cg==Cg==[Qq][q] Neuroimaging studies have frequently shown …… with lateral ventricular enlargement being the most widely replicated finding in patients with schizophrenia.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IGxhdGVyYWwgdmVudHJpY3VsYXIgZW5sYXJnZW1lbnQu[Qq]
[q] The sudden onset of psychosis in a child or adolescent is rare, and it is important to search for potentially reversible conditions such as ….. or …..?
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IG1lZGljYWwgZGlzb3JkZXJzIG9yIHN1YnN0YW5jZSB1c2Uu
Cg==Cg==Q29tbW9uIG1lZGljYWwgY29uZGl0aW9ucyB0byBydWxlIG91dCBpbmNsdWRlIHN5c3RlbWljIGx1cHVzIGVyeXRoZW1hdG9zdXMsIHRoeXJvaWRpdGlzLCBtZXRhYm9saWMgb3IgZWxlY3Ryb2x5dGUgZGlzb3JkZXJzLCBjZW50cmFsIG5lcnZvdXMgc3lzdGVtIGluZmVjdGlvbiwgYW5kIGVwaWxlcHN5Lg==
[Qq]Glucocorticoids, particularly at high doses, are often implicated in new-onset psychotic symptoms in patients who may have no current underlying psychiatric illness.
[q] What is the most likely diagnosis?
34 years old patient presenting with Depressed mood, loss of interest to do anything, feelings of worthlessness, Insomnia, Concentration problems, loss of appetite and weight loss, Suicidal ideations for 3 weeks?
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IE1ham9yIGRlcHJlc3NpdmUgZGlzb3JkZXIu
Cg==Cg==[Qq][q] Major depressive disorder is associated with hyperactivity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, resulting in ……..?
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IGluY3JlYXNlZCBjb3J0aXNvbCBsZXZlbHMu[Qq]
[q] Severe depression, especially in older adults, may present with features similar to dementia and is known as ………..?
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IHBzZXVkb2RlbWVudGlhIG9yIHJldmVyc2libGUgY29nbml0aXZlIGltcGFpcm1lbnQu[Qq]
[q] What is the most likely diagnosis?
– ≥ 2 depressive symptoms lasting ≥ 2 years with no more than 2 months without depressive symptoms.
– Often milder, Patient is functional, but at a suboptimal level.
– Not severe enough for hospitalization.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IFBlcnNpc3RlbnQgRGVwcmVzc2l2ZSBEaXNvcmRlciAoZHlzdGh5bWlhKS4=[Qq]
[q] What is the most likely diagnosis?
– Lasting ≥ 2 years with ≥ 2 major depressive episodes associated with seasonal pattern (usually winter) and absence of nonseasonal depressive episodes.
– Atypical symptoms common (hypersomnia, hyperphagia, leaden paralysis).
– May be related to abnormal melatonin metabolism.
– Treat with bright light therapy (not melatonin tablets).
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IERlcHJlc3Npb24gd2l0aCBTZWFzb25hbCBQYXR0ZXJuIChzZWFzb25hbCBhZmZlY3RpdmUgZGlzb3JkZXIpLg==[Qq]
[q] What is the most likely diagnosis?
– Characterized by mood reactivity (being able to experience improved mood in response to positive events), “reversed” vegetative symptoms (hypersomnia, hyperphagia), leaden paralysis (heavy feeling in arms and legs), long-standing interpersonal rejection sensitivity.
– Most common subtype of depression.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IERlcHJlc3Npb24gd2l0aCBhdHlwaWNhbCBmZWF0dXJlcy4=[Qq]
[q] What is the most likely diagnosis?
36 years old patient presenting with inflated self-esteem, ↑ in goal-directed Activity, ↓ need for Sleep, Talkativeness and pressured speech for 8 days?
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IE1hbmljIGVwaXNvZGUu
Cg==Cg==[Qq][q] What is the most likely diagnosis?
– Like manic episode except mood disturbance is not severe enough to cause marked impairment in social and/or occupational functioning or to necessitate hospitalization.
– No psychotic features.
– Lasts ≥ 4 consecutive days.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IEh5cG9tYW5pYyBlcGlzb2RlLg==
Cg==Cg==[Qq][q] What is the most likely diagnosis?
Bipolar I disorder includes manic episode(s) with or without a history of …….. Bipolar II is distinguished from bipolar I by ………….. and a history of one or more depressive episodes.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IG1ham9yIGRlcHJlc3NpdmUgZXBpc29kZXMsIGh5cG9tYW5pYyBlcGlzb2RlcyAobGVzcyBzZXZlcmUsIGxlc3MgZnVuY3Rpb25hbCBJbXBhaXJtZW50LCBubyBwc3ljaG90aWMgc3ltcHRvbXMpLg==[Qq]
[q] ……….. is a Milder form of bipolar disorder lasting ≥ 2 years, fluctuating between mild depressive and hypomanic symptoms with symptoms present at least half of the time, with any remission lasting ≤ 2 months.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IEN5Y2xvdGh5bWljIGRpc29yZGVyLg==[Qq]
[q] Electroconvulsive therapy adverse effects include disorientation, temporary headache, and …………….?
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IHBhcnRpYWwgYW50ZXJvZ3JhZGUvcmV0cm9ncmFkZSBhbW5lc2lhIHVzdWFsbHkgcmVzb2x2aW5nIGluIDYgbW9udGhzLg==[Qq]
[q] What is the most likely diagnosis?
– 50–85% incidence rate.
– Characterized by depressed affect, tearfulness, and fatigue starting 2-3 days after delivery.
– Normal physical activity continues, and care of self and baby is seen.
– Usually resolves within 10 days.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IE1hdGVybmFsIChwb3N0cGFydHVtKSDigJxibHVlc+KAnS4=
Cg==Cg==[Qq][q] Women with Maternal (postpartum) “blues” persisting beyond ……….. should be evaluated for MDD with peripartum onset.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IDIgd2Vla3Mu[Qq]
[q] What is the most likely diagnosis?
– 10–15% incidence rate.
– Formerly called postpartum depression.
– Meets MDD criteria with onset no later than 1 year after delivery.
– The patient often does not get out of bed with care of self and baby neglected.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IE1ERCB3aXRoIHBlcmlwYXJ0dW0gb25zZXQu
Cg==Cg==[Qq][q] What is the most likely diagnosis?
– 0.1–0.2% incidence rate.
– Characterized by mood-congruent delusions, hallucinations, and thoughts of harming the baby or self.
– Risk factors include history of bipolar or psychotic disorder, first pregnancy, family history, recent discontinuation of psychotropic medication.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IFBvc3RwYXJ0dW0gcHN5Y2hvc2lzLg==
Cg==Jm5ic3A7
Cg==[Qq]
[q] What is the most likely diagnosis?
Symptoms of shock, guilt, sadness, anxiety, yearning, and somatic symptoms that usually occur in waves after death of her husband, revolve around the deceased, Hallucinations of the deceased person (hearing the deceased speaking), thoughts of dying are present, typically involve joining the deceased. Duration: 4 months.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IE5vcm1hbCBncmllZi4=
Cg==Cg==[Qq][q] ……… involves obsessive preoccupation with the deceased and causes functional impairment, lasting at least 12 months (6 months in children).
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IFBlcnNpc3RlbnQgY29tcGxleCBiZXJlYXZlbWVudCBkaXNvcmRlci4=[Qq]
[q] What is the most likely diagnosis?
33 years old female patient presenting with anxiety that is chronic, excessive, difficult to control, and causes significant distress and impairment unrelated to a specific person, situation, or event, poor concentration, restlessness, fatigue, and impaired sleep for 8 months?
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IEdlbmVyYWxpemVkIGFueGlldHkgZGlzb3JkZXIu
Cg==Cg==Rmlyc3QtbGluZSBtZWRpY2F0aW9ucyBmb3IgR0FEIGluY2x1ZGUgc2VsZWN0aXZlIHNlcm90b25pbiByZXVwdGFrZSBpbmhpYml0b3JzIChTU1JJcykgc3VjaCBhcyBlc2NpdGFpb3ByYW0gb3Igc2Vyb3RvbmluLW5vcmVwaW5lcGhyaW5lIHJldXB0YWtlIGluaGliaXRvcnMgKFNOUklzKS4=
[Qq][q] What is the most likely diagnosis?
– Emotional symptoms (anxiety, depression) within 3 months of the onset of the stressor causing impairment following an identifiable psychosocial stressor (divorce, illness) and lasting < 6 months.
– If symptoms persist > 6 months after stressor ends, it is GAD.
– Symptoms do not meet criteria for MDD.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IEFkanVzdG1lbnQgZGlzb3JkZXIu[Qq]
[q] What is the most likely diagnosis?
– Exaggerated fear of embarrassment in social situations (public speaking, using public restrooms).
– For only occasional anxiety-inducing situations, benzodiazepine or β-blocker (propranolol) are used.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IFNvY2lhbCBhbnhpZXR5IGRpc29yZGVyIChzb2NpYWwgcGhvYmlhKS4=[Qq]
[q] What is the most likely diagnosis?
– Anxiety disorder characterized by symptoms of anxiety in situations where the person perceives their environment to be unsafe with no easy way to escape.
– Exaggerated fear of open or enclosed places, using public transportation, being in line or in crowds, or leaving home alone.
– Associated with panic disorder.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IEFnb3JhcGhvYmlhLg==[Qq]
[q] What is the most likely diagnosis?
– Marked anxiety about a specific object or situation for > 6 months.
– Examples: flying, heights, animals, injections, blood.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IFNwZWNpZmljIHBob2JpYS4=
Cg==Cg==[Qq][q] What is the most likely diagnosis?
– Condition characterized by time-consuming, recurrent, unwanted thoughts and repetitive behaviors that the patient feels compelled to perform.
– Recurring intrusive thoughts, feelings, or sensations that cause severe distress; relieved in part by the performance of repetitive actions.
– Ego-dystonic: behavior inconsistent with one’s own beliefs and attitudes.
– Associated with Tourette syndrome.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IE9ic2Vzc2l2ZS1jb21wdWxzaXZlIGRpc29yZGVyLg==
Cg==Cg==[Qq][q] ………. is Preoccupation with minor or imagined defect in appearance —> significant emotional distress or impaired functioning; patients often repeatedly seek cosmetic treatment.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IEJvZHkgZHlzbW9ycGhpYyBkaXNvcmRlci4=
Cg==Cg==[Qq][q] What is the most likely diagnosis?
32 years old patient presenting with Palpitations, Paresthesias, Shortness of breath, Chest pain, Chills, Sweating, and Persistent concern and worrying of additional attacks?
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IFBhbmljIGRpc29yZGVyLg==[Qq]
[q] Benzodiazepines provide rapid relief of symptoms in panic attack and are indicated for the management of acutely symptomatic and functionally impaired patients with panic disorder. ……….. would be the preferred choice in patient who is not acutely symptomatic and has a history of alcohol abuse.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IFNTUkku[Qq]
[q] What is the most likely diagnosis?
– Exposure to prior trauma (witnessing death, experiencing serious injury or rape) —-> persistent Hyperarousal, Avoidance of associated stimuli, intrusive Reexperiencing of the event (nightmares, flashbacks), changes in cognition or mood (fear, horror, Distress).
– Disturbance lasts ≥ 1 month with significant distress or impaired social-occupational functioning.
– Returning combat veterans and survivors of sexual assault are at high risk.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IFBvc3QtdHJhdW1hdGljIHN0cmVzcyBkaXNvcmRlci4=
Cg==Cg==[Qq][q] ………. is a severe anxiety response characterized by re-experiencing of trauma, dissociation, negative mood, avoidance, and hyperarousal lasting >3 days and <1 month after exposure to a traumatic event.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IEFjdXRlIHN0cmVzcyBkaXNvcmRlci4=[Qq]
[q] What is the most likely diagnosis?
– Compulsively pulling out one’s own hair.
– Causes significant distress and persists despite attempts to stop.
– Presents with areas of thinning hair or baldness on any area of the body.
– Commonly affected sites include the scalp, eyebrows, and eyelids.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IFRyaWNob3RpbGxvbWFuaWEu
Cg==Cg==[Qq][q] What is the most likely diagnosis?
– Child who is verbal and talkative at home but refuse to speak in specific social settings, commonly at school.
– It is considered an anxiety disorder and should be treated early to prevent long-term educational and social impairment.
– This diagnosis requires consistent (≥ 1 month) failure to talk in situations in which it is expected (school) despite speaking in other situations.
– Refusal to speak at school can impair both academic and social development and should not be considered normal shyness.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IFNlbGVjdGl2ZSBtdXRpc20u[Qq]
[q] ………. is characterized by accumulation of a large number of possessions that may clutter living areas to the point that they are unusable. Patients experience intense distress when attempting to discard possessions regardless of their actual value.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IEhvYXJkaW5nIGRpc29yZGVyLg==[Qq]
[q] What is the most likely diagnosis?
– ≥ 1 somatic symptoms (pain, fatigue) causing distress and functional impairment for ≥ 6 months duration.
– It involves excessive preoccupation and overestimation of the seriousness of ≥ 1 somatic complaints and is associated with high levels of medical care utilization.
– Associated with excessive, persistent thoughts and anxiety about symptoms.
– Because symptoms often worsen during periods of stress, patients should be asked about their current emotional stressors and counseled regarding stress reduction.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IFNvbWF0aWMgc3ltcHRvbSBkaXNvcmRlci4=
Cg==Cg==[Qq][q] What is the most likely diagnosis?
– Characterized by sudden onset of neurological symptoms (paralysis, blindness, mutism) and clinical findings that are incompatible with recognized neurological conditions.
– Often precipitated by stress (relationship conflicts), and patients can present as hysterical or strangely indifferent (“la belle indifference”) to their symptoms.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IENvbnZlcnNpb24gZGlzb3JkZXIu
Cg==Cg==[Qq][q] ………. is Excessive preoccupation with acquiring or having a serious illness, often despite medical evaluation and reassurance; minimal somatic symptoms.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IElsbG5lc3MgYW54aWV0eSBkaXNvcmRlciAoaHlwb2Nob25kcmlhc2lzKS4=
Cg==Cg==[Qq][q]……….. is a rare psychiatric condition in which a woman presents with nearly all signs and symptoms of pregnancy (amenorrhea, enlargement of the breasts and abdomen, morning sickness, weight gain, sensation of fetal movement and reported positive urine pregnancy test per the patient); however, ultrasound reveals a normal endometrial stripe and negative pregnancy test.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IFBzZXVkb2N5ZXNpcy4=[Qq]
[q] What is the most likely diagnosis?
– Patient consciously creates physical and/or psychological symptoms in order to obtain attention and receive protracted care (to assume the sick role).
– They lack conscious awareness of why they do it.
– Behaviors may include deceptive reporting of symptoms, manipulating laboratory samples, ingesting a substance (insulin), altering medical records, or inducing illness (injecting fecal matter to produce an abscess).
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IEZhY3RpdGlvdXMgZGlzb3JkZXJzLg==
Cg==Cg==[Qq][q] Factitious disorder imposed on self is called …………?
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IE11bmNoYXVzZW4gc3luZHJvbWUu[Qq]
[q] Factitious disorder imposed on another is called ……..?
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IE11bmNoYXVzZW4gc3luZHJvbWUgYnkgcHJveHku[Qq]
[q] What is the most likely diagnosis?
– Patient consciously fakes, profoundly exaggerates, or claims to have a disorder in order to attain a specific 2° (external) gain (avoiding work, narcotics, obtaining financial compensation).
– Poor compliance with treatment or follow-up of diagnostic tests.
– Complaints cease after gain.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IE1hbGluZ2VyaW5nLg==
Cg==Cg==[Qq][q]………… is characterized by a feeling of detachment or estrangement from the self or a sense of being an outside observer of the self.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IGRlcGVyc29uYWxpemF0aW9uLg==
Cg==Cg==[Qq][q]……… is a subjective sense of detachment or unreality regarding surroundings.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IERlcmVhbGl6YXRpb24u
Cg==Jm5ic3A7
Cg==[Qq]
[q] …………. is inability to recall important personal information, usually subsequent to severe trauma or stress.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IERpc3NvY2lhdGl2ZSBhbW5lc2lhLg==
Cg==Jm5ic3A7
Cg==[Qq]
[q] What is the most likely diagnosis?
– Presence of 2 or more distinct identities or personality states.
– More common in women.
– Associated with history of sexual abuse, PTSD, depression, substance abuse, borderline personality, somatoform conditions.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IERpc3NvY2lhdGl2ZSBpZGVudGl0eSBkaXNvcmRlci4=
Cg==Jm5ic3A7
Cg==[Qq]
[q] What is the most likely diagnosis?
19 years old female athlete presenting with tibial stress fracture, parotid gland hypertrophy, dental caries, halitosis, and calluses on the dorsum of their hands, amenorrhea, fine, downy body hair + lab findings include hypokalemia, hypochloremia, metabolic alkalosis + BMI= 18.1 and body weight= 58 KG.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IEFub3JleGlhIG5lcnZvc2EgKGJpbmdlIGVhdGluZy9wdXJnaW5nIHN1YnR5cGUpLg==
Cg==Cg==[Qq][q] Aggressive initiation of nutrition in patient with anorexia nervosa without adequate electrolyte repletion can quickly precipitate arrhythmias and cardiopulmonary failure. This is called …….?
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IFJlZmVlZGluZyBzeW5kcm9tZS4=
Cg==Cg==[Qq][q] What is the most likely diagnosis?
19 years old female athlete presenting with tibial stress fracture, parotid gland hypertrophy, dental caries, halitosis, and calluses on the dorsum of their hands, amenorrhea, fine, downy body hair + lab findings include hypokalemia, hypochloremia, metabolic alkalosis + BMI= 19 and body weight= 78 KG.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IEJ1bGltaWEgbmVydm9zYS4=
Cg==Cg==[Qq][q] ………. is regular episodes of excessive, uncontrollable eating without inappropriate compensatory behaviors. ↑ risk of diabetes.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IEJpbmdlIGVhdGluZyBkaXNvcmRlci4=
Cg==Cg==[Qq][q] What is the most likely diagnosis?
– Recurring episodes of eating non-food substances (dirt, hair, paint chips) over ≥ 1 month that are not culturally or developmentally recognized as normal.
– May provide temporary emotional relief.
– Common in children; also common during pregnancy.
– Associated with malnutrition, anemia, developmental disabilities, emotional trauma.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IFBpY2Eu[Qq]
[q] ……. is inability to remember things that occurred before a CNS insult.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IFJldHJvZ3JhZGUgYW1uZXNpYS4=[Qq]
[q] ……… is inability to remember things that occurred after a CNS insult (↓ acquisition of new memory).
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IEFudGVyb2dyYWRlIGFtbmVzaWEu[Qq]
[q]………. is a reversible, acute-onset confusional state characterized by a fluctuating level of consciousness with deficits in attention, memory, and executive function. In contrast, ………. is of gradual onset, is irreversible, and does not involve fluctuations in consciousness.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IERlbGlyaXVtLCBkZW1lbnRpYS4=
Cg==Cg==[Qq][q] Which type of personality disorder?
– Pervasive distrust and suspiciousness; projection is the major defense mechanism.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IFBhcmFub2lkIHBlcnNvbmFsaXR5IGRpc29yZGVyLg==
Cg==Cg==[Qq][q] Which type of personality disorder?
– Voluntary social withdrawal, limited emotional expression, content with social isolation. Socially detached and prefer to be alone.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IFNjaGl6b2lkIHBlcnNvbmFsaXR5IGRpc29yZGVyLg==
Cg==Cg==[Qq][q] Which type of personality disorder?
– Eccentric appearance, odd beliefs or magical thinking, idea of reference, interpersonal awkwardness.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IFNjaGl6b3R5cGFsIHBlcnNvbmFsaXR5IGRpc29yZGVyLg==
Cg==JiM4MjExOyBTY2hpem90eXBhbCA9IG1hZ2ljYWwgdGhpbmtpbmcu
Cg==[Qq]
[q] Cluster A personality disorders are genetically associated with ………….?
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IHNjaGl6b3BocmVuaWEu[Qq]
[q] Which type of personality disorder?
– Disregard for and violation of rights of others, criminality, impulsivity; males > females; must be ≥ 18 years old and have history of conduct disorder before age 15.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IEFudGlzb2NpYWwgcGVyc29uYWxpdHkgZGlzb3JkZXIu
Cg==Cg==[Qq][q] Which type of personality disorder?
– Unstable mood and interpersonal relationships, impulsivity, self-mutilation (cutting, burning), suicidality, sense of emptiness; females > males; splitting is a major defense mechanism.
– They experience extreme mood reactivity to interpersonal stresses and frequently alternate between extremes of idealizing and devaluing others (defense mechanism of splitting).
– A history of childhood trauma (physical and sexual abuse, neglect) is common in patients with BPD. Insecure attachment to the primary caregiver may underlie the unstable relationships and fears of abandonment commonly seen in the disorder.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IEJvcmRlcmxpbmUgcGVyc29uYWxpdHkgZGlzb3JkZXIu
Cg==Cg==[Qq][q] Which type of personality disorder?
– Excessive emotionality and excitability, attention seeking, sexually provocative, overly concerned with appearance.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IEhpc3RyaW9uaWMgcGVyc29uYWxpdHkgZGlzb3JkZXIu[Qq]
[q] Which type of personality disorder?
– Grandiosity, sense of entitlement; lacks empathy and requires excessive admiration; often demands the “best” and reacts to criticism with rage.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IE5hcmNpc3Npc3RpYyBwZXJzb25hbGl0eSBkaXNvcmRlci4=
Cg==Cg==[Qq][q] Cluster B personality disorders are genetically associated with ………….?
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IG1vb2QgZGlzb3JkZXJzIGFuZCBzdWJzdGFuY2UgYWJ1c2Uu[Qq]
[q] Which type of personality disorder?
– Hypersensitive to rejection, socially inhibited, timid, feelings of inadequacy, desires relationships with others.
– Have very limited social relationships due to fears of being judged, embarrassed, or rejected. They struggle with feelings of inadequacy and pursue relationships only when they feel assured of uncritical acceptance. Occupational dysfunction due to difficulties interacting with coworkers or turning down promotions due to fear of criticism is common.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IEF2b2lkYW50IHBlcnNvbmFsaXR5IGRpc29yZGVyLg==
Cg==Cg==[Qq][q] Which type of personality disorder?
– Preoccupation with order, perfectionism, and control; ego-syntonic: behavior consistent with one’s own beliefs and attitudes.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IE9ic2Vzc2l2ZS1jb21wdWxzaXZlIHBlcnNvbmFsaXR5IGRpc29yZGVyLg==
Cg==Cg==[Qq][q] Which type of personality disorder?
– Submissive and clingy, excessive need to be taken care of, low self-confidence.
– Patients often get stuck in abusive relationships.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IERlcGVuZGVudCBwZXJzb25hbGl0eSBkaXNvcmRlci4=
Cg==Cg==[Qq][q] Cluster C personality disorders are genetically associated with ………….?
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IEFueGlldHkgZGlzb3JkZXJzLg==[Qq]
[q] What is the most likely diagnosis?
– Impulse control disorder. These individuals experience impulses to steal objects that are of low monetary value or not needed for personal use.
– Overwhelming feelings of tension or anxiety precede impulses and are relieved with the act of theft.
– Feelings of guilt and shame typically follow these acts, and these individuals may return or give away stolen items.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IEtsZXB0b21hbmlhLg==
Cg==Cg==[Qq][q] What is the most likely diagnosis?
34 years old male patient who was admitted yesterday to perform cholecystectomy presenting with anxiety, insomnia, tremors, palpitation and diaphoresis with intact orientation. His daughter told you he is alcohol addict although he denied that when you asked him the day of admission?
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IE1pbGQgQWxjb2hvbCB3aXRoZHJhd2FsIHN5bXB0b21zLg==
Cg==Cg==[Qq][q] Alcoholic hallucinosis and withdrawal seizures are types of alcohol withdrawal syndrome that typically develops within 12-48 hours of the last drink and resolves within 24-48 hours. Unlike ……….., sensorium is intact and vital signs are usually stable.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IGRlbGlyaXVtIHRyZW1lbnMu
Cg==Jm5ic3A7
Cg==[Qq]
[q] ………….. are the treatment of choice for patients with alcohol withdrawal.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IEJlbnpvZGlhemVwaW5lcy4=[Qq]
[q] ……….. is used for treatment of opioid intoxication.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IElWIG5hbG94b25lLg==[Qq]
[q] ………. should be suspected in patients with muscle and joint aches, abdominal cramping, nausea, diarrhea, rhinorrhea, and pupillary dilation.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IEhlcm9pbiB3aXRoZHJhd2FsLg==[Qq]
[q] ……….. or ……. are used for treatment of opioid withdrawal.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IG1ldGhhZG9uZSBvciBidXByZW5vcnBoaW5lLg==[Qq]
[q] ………. is a drug of choice for maintenance treatment of opioid abuse. It is a potent, long-acting opioid agonist with good bioavailability and can be given in once- daily oral dosing. Its prolonged effects suppress withdrawal symptoms and cravings, allowing for more productive patient functioning.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IE1ldGhhZG9uZS4=[Qq]
[q] ………. is Long-acting opioid antagonist used for relapse prevention once detoxified.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IE5hbHRyZXhvbmUu[Qq]
[q] ………….. is caused by infant withdrawal to opiates and usually presents in the first few days of life. It is characterized by irritability, a high-pitched cry, poor sleeping, tremors, seizures, sweating, sneezing, tachypnea, poor feeding, vomiting, and diarrhea.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IE5lb25hdGFsIGFic3RpbmVuY2Ugc3luZHJvbWUu[Qq]
[q] When vital signs derangements or respiratory depression are seen with Benzodiazepines intoxication, ………. should be suspected.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IGNvLWluZ2VzdGlvbiB3aXRoIG90aGVyIHNlZGF0aXZlLWh5cG5vdGljcy4=[Qq]
[q] Flumazenil is a receptor antagonist for …….?
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IEJlbnpvZGlhemVwaW5lcy4=[Qq]
[q] What is the most likely diagnosis?
16 years old male patient presenting with symptoms of CNS depression that lasts for 15-45 minutes with perioral rash.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IEluaGFsYW50IGFidXNlLg==[Qq]
[q] ……… have amphetamine properties that can cause severe agitation, combativeness, delirium, and psychosis. In contrast to
amphetamine, which have a much shorter duration of effect, it take several days or weeks to subside.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IEJhdGggc2FsdHMu[Qq]
[q] ………. should be suspected in an individual with weight loss, behavioral changes, and erythema of the turbinates and nasal septum.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IENvY2FpbmUgYWJ1c2Uu[Qq]
[q] ………… intoxication cause Violence, impulsivity, psychomotor agitation, horizontal and vertical nystagmus, tachycardia, hypertension, analgesia, psychosis, delirium, seizures. Fatalities are often associated not with direct intoxication but with related trauma due to combative behavior.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IFBoZW5jeWNsaWRpbmUgKFBDUCku[Qq]
[q] Phencyclidine (PCP) and lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) intoxication present similarly, but agitation, aggression, and nystagmus occur more often in patients using ………. Visual hallucinations and depersonalization are hallmarks of ……….?
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IFBoZW5jeWNsaWRpbmUgKFBDUCksIEx5c2VyZ2ljIGFjaWQgZGlldGh5bGFtaWRlIChMU0QgdXNlKS4=[Qq]
[q] The commonly used over-the- counter cough suppressant dextromethorphan may cause a false-positive result for …… in Standard urine drug screens (UDS).
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IHBoZW5jeWNsaWRpbmUgKFBDUCku[Qq]
[q] ………. intoxication cause Euphoria, anxiety, paranoid delusions, perception of slowed time, impaired judgment, social withdrawal, ↑ appetite, dry mouth, conjunctival injection, tachycardia, hallucinations.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IE1hcmlqdWFuYSAoY2FubmFiaW5vaWQpLg==[Qq]
[q] …………. is a synthetic amphetamine with hallucinogenic properties.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IE1ETUEgKDMsNC1tZXRoeWxlbmVkaW94eS1tZXRoYW1waGV0YW1pbmUpLg==[Qq]
[q] Trifluoperazine, Fluphenazine, Haloperidol (Try to Fly High) are examples of …………?
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IEhpZ2ggcG90ZW5jeSBmaXJzdC1nZW5lcmF0aW9uIGFudGlwc3ljaG90aWNzLg==
Cg==Cg==[Qq][q] Chlorpromazine, Thioridazine (Cheating Thieves are low) are examples of ………..?
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IExvdyBwb3RlbmN5IGZpcnN0LWdlbmVyYXRpb24gYW50aXBzeWNob3RpY3Mu
Cg==Jm5ic3A7
Cg==[Qq]
[q] Neurologic side effects (extrapyramidal symptoms [EPS]) and drug-induced parkinsonism are more common with which type of antipsychotics?
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IEhpZ2ggcG90ZW5jeSBmaXJzdC1nZW5lcmF0aW9uIGFudGlwc3ljaG90aWNzLg==
Cg==Jm5ic3A7
Cg==[Qq]
[q] Non-neurologic side effects (anticholinergic, antihistamine, and α1-blockade effects) are more common with which type of antipsychotics?
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IExvdyBwb3RlbmN5IGZpcnN0LWdlbmVyYXRpb24gYW50aXBzeWNob3RpY3Mu
Cg==Jm5ic3A7
Cg==[Qq]
[q] Endocrinal and metabolic side effects (Hyperprolactinemia, Obesity, Dyslipidemia, elevated blood glucose level) are more common with which type of antipsychotics?
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IEF0eXBpY2FsIGFudGlwc3ljaG90aWNzIChzZWNvbmQtZ2VuZXJhdGlvbiBhbnRpcHN5Y2hvdGljcyku[Qq]
[q] Strong dopaminergic blockade causes an excess of cholinergic activity, resulting in extrapyramidal side effects (acute dystonic reactions, akathisia, parkinsonism). Medications with Muscarinic receptor antagonist properties, such as ………. or the antihistamine …………., help re-establish the dopaminergic-cholinergic balance and effectively treat acute dystonia.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IEJlbnp0cm9waW5lLCBkaXBoZW5oeWRyYW1pbmUu[Qq]
[q] ………….. is characterized by abnormal involuntary movements of the mouth, tongue, trunk, and extremities. It develops in the setting of prolonged exposure to dopamine-blocking agents, which is thought to result in the upregulation and supersensitivity of dopamine receptors. When discontinuing the antipsychotic is not feasible, switching to clozapine is preferred.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IFRhcmRpdmUgZHlza2luZXNpYS4=
Cg==Cg==[Qq][q] What is the most likely diagnosis?
42 years old patient presenting with fever, confusion, muscle rigidity, diaphoresis, tachycardia, hypertension, and elevated creatine kinase after taking haloperidol for 2 weeks?
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IE5ldXJvbGVwdGljIG1hbGlnbmFudCBzeW5kcm9tZS4=
Cg==VHJlYXRtZW50IGluY2x1ZGVzIGRpc2NvbnRpbnVhdGlvbiBvZiBhbGwgYW50aXBzeWNob3RpY3MsIHN1cHBvcnRpdmUgaW50ZW5zaXZlIGNhcmUgKGFnZ3Jlc3NpdmUgY29vbGluZywgYW50aXB5cmV0aWNzLCBmbHVpZCBhbmQgZWxlY3Ryb2x5dGUgcmVwbGV0aW9uKSwgYW5kIHBvc3NpYmxlIHVzZSBvZiBkYW50cm9sZW5lIChhIHNrZWxldGFsIG11c2NsZSByZWxheGFudCkgb3IgZG9wYW1pbmVyZ2ljIGFnZW50cyAoQnJvbW9jcmlwdGluZSku
Cg==Jm5ic3A7
[Qq][q] Aripiprazole, asenapine, clozapine, iloperidone, lurasidone, olanzapine, paliperidone, quetiapine, risperidone, ziprasidone are examples of ……………..?
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IFNlY29uZC1nZW5lcmF0aW9uIGFudGlwc3ljaG90aWNzLg==[Qq]
[q] ……….. is unique in that it has shown superiority in treatment-resistant schizophrenia and schizophrenia associated with persistent suicidality.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IENsb3phcGluZS4=[Qq]
[q] Olanzapine → ………… as a side effect.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IE9iZXNpdHku
Cg==Cg==[Qq][q] …………. cause agranulocytosis (monitor WBC weekly) and seizures (dose related).
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IENsb3phcGluZS4gTXVzdCB3YXRjaCBib25lIG1hcnJvdyBjbG96ZWx5IHdpdGggY2xvemFwaW5lLg==
Cg==Cg==[Qq][q] Antipsychotic medications exert their antipsychotic effects through dopamine antagonism. The blocking of dopamine results in hyperprolactinemia, which can lead to galactorrhea, amenorrhea, and infertility. ……… is most likely to increase prolactin.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IFJpc3Blcmlkb25lLg==
Cg==Cg==[Qq][q] Due to the risk of agranulocytosis, ………. is reserved for patients who have failed at least 2 antipsychotic trials.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IENsb3phcGluZS4=[Qq]
[q] In cases of repeated antipsychotics medication nonadherence, switching to a ……… could be considered.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IGxvbmctYWN0aW5nIGluamVjdGFibGUgYW50aXBzeWNob3RpYy4=[Qq]
[q] Patients with a single episode of major depressive disorder should continue antidepressants for ……. following acute response to reduce the risk of relapse. Patients with recurrent, chronic, or severe episodes should be considered for maintenance treatment (1-3 years or indefinitely).
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IGFuIGFkZGl0aW9uYWwgNiBtb250aHMu[Qq]
[q] Fluoxetine, paroxetine, sertraline, citalopram are examples of ………?
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IFNlbGVjdGl2ZSBzZXJvdG9uaW4gcmV1cHRha2UgaW5oaWJpdG9ycyAoU1NSSXMpLiBGbGFzaGJhY2tzIHBhcmFseXplIHNlbmlvciBjaXRpemVucy4=[Qq]
[q] …………. normally takes 4–8 weeks for antidepressants to have an effect. It may cause SIADH, sexual dysfunction (anorgasmia, ↓ libido) as side effects.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IFNlbGVjdGl2ZSBzZXJvdG9uaW4gcmV1cHRha2UgaW5oaWJpdG9ycyAoU1NSSXMpLg==[Qq]
[q] Venlafaxine, desvenlafaxine, duloxetine, levomilnacipran, milnacipran are examples of ……?
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IFNlcm90b25pbi1ub3JlcGluZXBocmluZSByZXVwdGFrZSBpbmhpYml0b3JzIChTTlJJcyku[Qq]
[q] What is the most likely diagnosis?
43 years old male patient taking Fluoxetine for treatment of major depressive disorder for 3 months and sumatriptan for headache recently presenting with hyperthermia, diaphoresis, clonus, hyperreflexia, hypertonia, tremor, seizure, Agitation and diarrhea?
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IFNlcm90b25pbiBzeW5kcm9tZS4=
Cg==UGhhcm1hY29sb2dpYyB0aGVyYXB5IGZvciBzZXZlcmUgY2FzZXMgaW52b2x2ZXMgdHJlYXRtZW50IHdpdGggc2Vyb3RvbmluIHJlY2VwdG9yIGFudGFnb25pc3RzIHN1Y2ggYXMgY3lwcm9oZXB0YWRpbmUgd2hpY2ggaXMgYSBmaXJzdC1nZW5lcmF0aW9uIGhpc3RhbWluZSBhbnRhZ29uaXN0IHdpdGggbm9uc3BlY2lmaWMgc2Vyb3RvbmluIHJlY2VwdG9yIGFudGFnb25pc3RpYyBwcm9wZXJ0aWVzLg==
Cg==[Qq]
[q] Amitriptyline, nortriptyline, imipramine, desipramine, clomipramine, doxepin, amoxapine are examples of ……?
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IFRyaWN5Y2xpYyBhbnRpZGVwcmVzc2FudHMgKFRDQXMpLg==[Qq]
[q] ………… inhibit fast sodium channel conduction, resulting in arrhythmias – the most common cause of death in patients with antidepressant intoxication.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IFRyaWN5Y2xpYyBhbnRpZGVwcmVzc2FudHMuIFRyaS1D4oCZczogQ29udnVsc2lvbnMsIENvbWEsIENhcmRpb3RveGljaXR5Lg==
Cg==Cg==Rmx1aWQgcmVzdXNjaXRhdGlvbiB3aXRoIG5vcm1hbCBzYWxpbmUgYW5kIGh5cGVydG9uaWMgc29kaXVtIGJpY2FyYm9uYXRlIGFkbWluaXN0cmF0aW9uIGFyZSBjcnVjaWFsIGluIHRoZXNlIHBhdGllbnRzLg==[Qq]
[q] Tranylcypromine, Phenelzine, Isocarboxazid, Selegiline are examples of ………?
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IE1vbm9hbWluZSBveGlkYXNlIGluaGliaXRvcnMgKE1PQUlzKS4=[Qq]
[q] The acute onset of headache following a meal of aged cheeses in a patient treated with phenelzine raises concern for …………?
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IGh5cGVydGVuc2l2ZSBjcmlzaXMu[Qq]
[q] ……….. is an antidepressant with mild stimulant properties that can be particularly helpful for depressed patients with low energy, impaired concentration and hypersomnia.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IEJ1cHJvcGlvbi4=[Qq]
[q] ……. has a favorable side effect profile (no weight gain or sexual side effects) and activating effects, making it a good choice for patients with weight gain or SSRI-related sexual side effects. Also used for smoking cessation. It is associated with an increased seizure risk at high doses and contraindicated in patients with seizure disorders, anorexia, and bulimia nervosa.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IEJ1cHJvcGlvbi4=[Qq]
[q] ………. is used primarily for insomnia and cause priapism as a side effect.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IFRyYXpvZG9uZS7CoENhbGxlZCB0cmFaWlpvYm9uZSBkdWUgdG8gc2VkYXRpdmUgYW5kIG1hbGUtc3BlY2lmaWMgc2lkZSBlZmZlY3RzLg==[Qq]
[q] ……….. is a mood stabilizer that causes Tremor, hypothyroidism, polyuria (causes nephrogenic diabetes insipidus), hyperparathyroidism with hypercalcemia, teratogenesis (Ebstein anomaly) as side effects.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IExpdGhpdW0u
Cg==Cg==[Qq][q] A mild rash may develop in up to 10% of those treated with …………… whereas life-threatening Stevens-Johnson syndrome or toxic epidermal necrolysis may occur in 0.1%. Any occurrence of rash during the treatment of lamotrigine requires immediate discontinuation of the drug.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IGxhbW90cmlnaW5lLg==
Cg==Cg==[Qq][q] The anticonvulsant mood stabilizer …………. can cause elevated aminotransferases and in rare cases hepatic failure, most commonly in the first 6 months of treatment.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IHZhbHByb2F0ZS4=
Cg==Cg==[Qq][q] ………… is a non-amphetamine stimulant that has become the first line agent in treatment of Narcolepsy because it is effective, well tolerated, and drug abuse is rare.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IE1vZGFmaW5pbC4=[Qq]
[q] The child can take his first steps and say mama and dada by the age of …..?
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IDEgeWVhci4=[Qq]
[q] The child can feed self with fork and spoon, kick the ball, parallel play,stacking 6 cubes, has vocabulary of 200 words and speak 2 words sentences by the age of …….?
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IDIgeWVhcnMu[Qq]
[q] The child can ride tricycle, form core gender identity, stacking 9 cubes, has vocabulary of 1000 words and speak 3 words sentences by the age of …….?
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IDMgeWVhcnMu[Qq]
[q] The child can copy lines, circles, hops on one foot, cooperative play, and can tell detailed story by the age of …..?
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IDQgeWVhcnMu[Qq]
[q] …… is the type of prevention that Prevent disease before it occurs (HPV vaccination).
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IFByaW1hcnkgcHJldmVudGlvbi4=[Qq]
[q] Which type of medical insurance plans?
Patients are restricted (except in emergencies) to a limited panel of providers who are in the network.
Payment is denied for any service that does not meet established, evidence-based guidelines.
Requires referral from primary care provider to see a specialist.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IEhlYWx0aCBNYWludGVuYW5jZSBPcmdhbml6YXRpb24u[Qq]
[q] Which type of medical insurance plans?
Patients are allowed to see physicians who are within or outside of the network. All services have higher copays and deductibles.
Does not require referral from primary care provider to see a specialist.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IFByZWZlcnJlZCBQcm92aWRlciBPcmdhbml6YXRpb24u[Qq]
[q] Which type of medical insurance plans?
Patients are limited (except in emergencies) to a network of doctors, specialists, and hospitals.
Does not require referral from primary care provider to see a specialist.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IEV4Y2x1c2l2ZSBQcm92aWRlciBPcmdhbml6YXRpb24u[Qq]
[q] Which type of medical insurance plans?
Patients are allowed to see providers outside of the network, but have higher out-of-pocket costs, including higher copays and deductibles, for out-of-network services.
Requires referral from primary care provider to see a specialist.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IFBvaW50IG9mIFNlcnZpY2Uu[Qq]
[q] Which type of Healthcare payment models?
Patient pays for each individual service.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IEZlZS1mb3Itc2VydmljZS4=[Qq]
[q] Which type of Healthcare payment models?
Patient pays for each individual service at a predetermined, discounted rate.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IERpc2NvdW50ZWQgZmVlLWZvciBzZXJ2aWNlLg==[Qq]
[q] Which type of Healthcare payment models?
Physicians receive a set amount per patient assigned to them per period of time, regardless of how much the patient uses the healthcare system.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IENhcGl0YXRpb24u[Qq]
[q] Which type of Healthcare payment models?
Healthcare organization receives a set amount per service, regardless of ultimate cost, to be divided among all providers and facilities involved.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IEJ1bmRsZWQgcGF5bWVudC4=[Qq]
[q] Which type of Healthcare payment models?
Patient pays for all expenses associated with a single incident of care with a single payment. Most commonly used during elective surgeries, as it covers the cost of surgery as well as the necessary pre- and postoperative visits.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IEdsb2JhbCBwYXltZW50Lg==[Qq]
[q] …….. is federal social healthcare program available to patients ≥ 65 years old, < 65 with certain disabilities, and those with end-stage renal disease.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IE1lZGljYXJlLiBNZWRpY2FyRSBpcyBmb3IgRWxkZXJseS4=[Qq]
[q] …… is joint federal and state health assistance for people with limited income and/ or resources.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IE1lZGljYWlkLiBNZWRpY2FpRCBpcyBmb3IgRGVzdGl0dXRlLg==[Qq]
[q] Patients with advanced metastatic cancers or other terminal illnesses and a life expectancy of ≤ 6 months should be evaluated for ……?
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IGhvc3BpY2UgY2FyZS4=
Cg==Jm5ic3A7
Cg==[Qq]
[q] ……. involve harm to the patient by an act of commission or omission rather than from the underlying disease and are the result of failure to follow evidence-based best practice guidelines.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IFByZXZlbnRhYmxlIG1lZGljYWwgZXJyb3JzLg==[Qq]
[q] …….. detailing medication changes and follow-up appointments can significantly facilitate a patient’s transition from the hospital and improve adherence to outpatient treatment.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IEEgZGlzY2hhcmdlIGNoZWNrbGlzdC4=[Qq]
[q] Risk of wrong-site surgery can be reduced by requiring …….. to independently confirm that they have the correct patient, site, and procedure. Checks must be truly independent to ensure patient safety.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]ICYjODIyMDtkdWFsIGlkZW50aWZpZXJzJiM4MjIxOyAodXN1YWxseSBhIG51cnNlIGFuZCBwaHlzaWNpYW4pLg==[Qq]
[q] ……. are the most effective way to begin the interview “Please tell me more about your pain”.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IE9wZW4tZW5kZWQgcXVlc3Rpb25zLg==[Qq]
[q] …………. are the type of questions that limits answer (yes or no questions).
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IENsb3NlZC1lbmRlZCBxdWVzdGlvbi4=[Qq]
[q] ….. is the type of question that gets the patient to continue a thought, talk more, “tell me about that…”.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IEZhY2lsaXRhdGlvbi4=[Qq]
[x][restart]
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