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Question 1 of 38
1. Question
A 25-year-old man is brought to the emergency department after being found unresponsive. He has a history of schizoaffective disorder and previous suicide attempts by prescription medication overdose. The patient was recently started on haloperidol and sertraline. Temperature is 40.6 C (105 F), blood pressure is 180/98 mm Hg, and pulse is 112/min. On examination, the patient is obtunded and diffusely rigid without clonus. Laboratory studies show serum creatinine of 3.2 mg/dL, creatine kinase of 75,000 U/L, and leukocytes of 16,000/mm3. The antidote for this patient’s current condition most likely has which of the following mechanisms of action?
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Question 2 of 38
2. Question
A 27-year-old man with schizophrenia comes to the emergency department due to an acute muscle spasm in his neck that developed several days after starting treatment with haloperidol. He is extremely distressed and unable to turn his head. The patient is treated with intravenous diphenhydramine, which relieves his symptoms within minutes. A psychiatrist is consulted, and recommendations are made to discontinue haloperidol and start the second-generation antipsychotic quetiapine because of its lower risk for similar dystonic side effects. In addition to dopamine D2 receptor antagonism, this new medication has which of the following pharmacological properties?
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Question 3 of 38
3. Question
A 25-year-old man is brought to the emergency department due to severe agitation and aggressive behavior. He speaks loudly and rapidly, stating that he has “superpowers” of mind control and that violence is the only way to defend against “the conspiracy.” The patient has a history of bipolar disorder and is prescribed olanzapine, lithium, and fluoxetine, although it is unclear if he has been compliant. The patient requires several doses of medication in the emergency department to calm down and is subsequently admitted to the hospital for further psychiatric evaluation. The following night he is found lying very still on his bed and does not respond to questions. Temperature is 40.6 C (105.1 F), blood pressure is 157/90 mm Hg, pulse is 102/min, and respirations are 20/min. Examination is significant for diaphoresis and diffuse rigidity in upper and lower extremities. Which of the following is the most likely explanation for this patient’s current symptoms?
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Question 4 of 38
4. Question
A 22-year-old college student seeks treatment for depressed mood, low energy, poor concentration, and feelings of worthlessness and guilt following a breakup with her partner of 2 years. She is diagnosed with major depression and treated with bupropion and psychotherapy. After 3 weeks of treatment, the patient reports that her energy and motivation have improved somewhat. Her grades, which had been deteriorating, have stabilized. The patient is also continuing to receive psychotherapy and believes that it is beneficial. However, she still feels “really down” at times and has a poor appetite. Further history suggests that the patient consumes very little food each day (a pattern that preceded her use of bupropion) and exercises excessively. Due to her ongoing mood problems, increasing the dose of her antidepressant medication is considered. Which of the following potential side effects of the increased dose would be of primary concern?
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Question 5 of 38
5. Question
A 31-year-old man is hospitalized after sustaining multiple injuries during a motor vehicle collision. The patient is not conscious initially, and no information is available regarding his medical history. Two days after initial hospitalization, he experiences palpitations and difficulty sleeping. Shortly thereafter, the patient suffers a generalized tonic-clonic seizure. When he recovers, he tells the physician that he usually takes medications for anxiety, bipolar disorder, and chronic low back pain. Temperature is 36.7 C (98.1 F), blood pressure is 129/82 mm Hg, pulse is 92/min, and respirations are 14/min. He appears anxious, tremulous, and diaphoretic. Withdrawal from which of the following medications is the most likely explanation for this patient’s presentation?
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Question 6 of 38
6. Question
A 24-year-old man is found unconscious in the basement of his house. His mother calls emergency responders and informs them that the patient has a history of substance abuse and was recently hospitalized for major depressive disorder. In the emergency department, the patient is found to be cyanotic and unresponsive to painful stimuli. Temperature is 36.7 C (98.1 F), blood pressure is 101/62 mm Hg, pulse is 61/min, and respirations are 4/min. His pupils are constricted and minimally responsive to light. Resuscitation efforts are initiated. The patient receives intravenous medication and regains consciousness 2 minutes later. The drug most likely used to treat this patient has the greatest affinity for which of the following receptors?
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Question 7 of 38
7. Question
A 46-year-old woman comes to the office for follow-up after an episode of alcoholic pancreatitis. She was hospitalized 4 weeks ago for abdominal pain and concurrently underwent treatment with benzodiazepines for alcohol withdrawal. Prior to hospitalization, the patient was drinking 3 L of boxed wine daily; however, she has remained abstinent since discharge. She is interested in medication for her alcohol use disorder, but lives alone and is worried that her cravings will overwhelm her self control. A medication with which of the following mechanisms of action would be most effective in this patient?
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Question 8 of 38
8. Question
A 65-year-old man is brought to the emergency department with new-onset confusion, suprapubic discomfort, and lack of urine output. His past medical history is significant for benign prostatic hyperplasia, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and type 2 diabetes mellitus complicated by neuropathy. The patient also has a history of chronic insomnia and has been treated with several medications with little benefit. He does not know his current medications. On examination, the patient is afebrile, confused, and oriented only to self. Suprapubic fullness is present, but abdominal examination is otherwise unremarkable. A urinary catheter is placed and immediately drains 1000 mL of urine. Which of the following medications most likely has contributed to this patient’s current condition?
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Question 9 of 38
9. Question
A 76-year-old man comes to the office due to severe insomnia of several months’ duration. He has trouble falling asleep and feels tired and irritable during the day. The patient’s other medical problems include hypertension and a prior cerebrovascular accident with residual right leg weakness. He takes aspirin, rosuvastatin, and lisinopril regularly as prescribed. Temperature is 36.7 C (98.1 F), blood pressure is 118/76 mm Hg, pulse is 62/min, and respirations are 14/min. Examination shows clear lungs with normal S1 and S2. The abdomen is soft and nontender. In addition to nonpharmacologic interventions for insomnia, short-term pharmacologic therapy is being considered. Which of the following medications has the lowest risk of causing adverse effects in this patient?
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Question 10 of 38
10. Question
A 23-year-old woman comes to the office describing restlessness in her legs and inability to lie or sit still. The patient was diagnosed with schizophrenia a month ago and medication therapy was initiated. Her dose was increased after 2 weeks. She says, “I haven’t heard any voices since a few days after the medication was increased.” Blood pressure is 140/90 mm Hg and pulse is 90/min. The patient is alert, oriented, fidgety, and anxious. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis in this patient?
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Question 11 of 38
11. Question
A 40-year-old woman is brought to the emergency department due to ataxia and tremor. The patient’s symptoms started gradually 2 weeks ago and have worsened acutely over the past 2 days. She is having difficulty walking and almost fell while getting up from a chair. The patient’s medical problems include bipolar disorder and recently diagnosed hypertension. Her medications include a stable dose of lithium for many years and a new blood pressure medication that was started several weeks ago. Vital signs are within normal limits. Neurologic examination reveals a resting tremor and difficulty with balance. Physical examination is otherwise normal. A drug interaction involving which of the following medications is most likely causing this patient’s condition?
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Question 12 of 38
12. Question
A 56-year-old man with a history of severe depression seeks a new physician after immigrating to the United States. His depression has been treated with phenelzine since diagnosis, and his new physician decides to switch him to sertraline. The patient is informed that he must wait at least 2 weeks after discontinuing phenelzine before starting the new drug. Which of the following processes occurs during this washout interval to allow sertraline therapy to be initiated safely?
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Question 13 of 38
13. Question
A 52-year-old woman comes to the emergency department due to recurrent right lower extremity swelling, pain, and erythema. The patient’s medical history includes type 2 diabetes mellitus and depression. Her medications include metformin, paroxetine, and a multivitamin. The patient is diagnosed with cellulitis, admitted to the hospital, and started on antibiotics. She is continued on her home medications. Three days later, the patient becomes agitated and delirious with severe abdominal cramps and diarrhea. Her temperature is 39.2 C (102.6 F), blood pressure is 180/100 mm Hg, and heart rate is 120/min and regular. On examination, the patient is diaphoretic and tremulous, and her pupils are dilated. Bilateral hyperreflexia and ankle clonus are present. She begins to have seizures. Which of the following antibiotics was the patient most likely given to treat the cellulitis?
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Question 14 of 38
14. Question
A 25-year-old graduate student comes to the office for evaluation of anxiety. She describes episodes of sudden-onset palpitations, shortness of breath, and diaphoresis during which she wants to “run away before anyone notices.” The patient arrives early for her classes to get a seat close to the door and has left during lectures due to feeling “out of control.” There are no specific triggers for these events, but she is worried about having another episode next week during her final examinations. She does not drink alcohol or use illicit drugs. Physical examination, ECG, and laboratory evaluation are normal. The patient is diagnosed with panic disorder. After discussion of treatment options, she decides to pursue cognitive-behavioral therapy and start a short-term anxiolytic medication that also has muscle-relaxant and anticonvulsant properties. Which of the following best describes the mechanism of action of this medication?
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Question 15 of 38
15. Question
A 22-year-old man is brought to the office by his mother due to a change in behavior over the past year. Nine months ago, the patient abruptly decided to quit college in his last year and insisted on moving back home to “work on my research without being disturbed.” Since then, he has stopped going out with friends, seems uninterested in his usual hobbies of playing and watching football, and spends hours on his computer researching government cover-ups. He stays up late at night, sleeps during the day, and showers only once a week. The patient has no motivation to look for work; his mother reports that when she encourages him to go back to school or work, he becomes agitated and starts accusing her of “being one of the black suits.” Physical examination shows poor hygiene but is otherwise normal. Laboratory evaluation, including urine drug screen, is unremarkable. A medication with which of the following primary mechanisms of action is most appropriate for this patient’s condition?
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Question 16 of 38
16. Question
A 42-year-old woman with a history of schizophrenia is brought to the clinic by her parents after attempting to drink rubbing alcohol in response to voices telling her to kill herself. The patient believes that a television newscaster is sending her secret messages and that the devil injects her with poison at night while she is sleeping. She first developed symptoms at age 23 and has had 7 previous psychiatric hospitalizations and 2 suicide attempts. Trials of haloperidol, risperidone, and olanzapine have yielded minimal improvement. Her medical conditions include hypertension and mild obesity. Physical examination is normal. Medication therapy with clozapine is initiated. Which of the following should be regularly monitored in this patient?
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Question 17 of 38
17. Question
A 30-year-old woman comes to the office due to chronic anxiety and tension. The patient says she worries constantly about multiple issues involving her work, finances, and family. At work, she has difficulty concentrating as she repeatedly calls to check on the whereabouts and safety of her husband and children. The patient also describes frequent tension headaches, back pain, and fatigue. She does not feel depressed and says that her sleep and appetite are normal. Laboratory studies, including thyroid function tests, are within normal limits. In addition to a recommendation of psychotherapy, pharmacotherapy with buspirone is initiated. This medication is associated with which of the following properties?
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Question 18 of 38
18. Question
A 34-year-old man is brought to the emergency department due to a severe headache and blurry vision. His symptoms began suddenly after having lunch at a new Italian deli in his neighborhood. The patient says he “ate a sandwich with lots of fancy meats and cheeses” and drank an iced tea. His medical history is significant for treatment-resistant major depressive disorder. He has no known medication or food allergies. Blood pressure is 210/130 mm Hg and heart rate is 110/min. On physical examination, he appears tremulous and diaphoretic. The medication used to treat this patient’s depression most likely affects which of the following steps of monoamine neurotransmission?
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Question 19 of 38
19. Question
A 20-year-old college student comes to the office due to falling asleep at inappropriate times. He has an irresistible urge to sleep during the day, and these “naps” occur unpredictably, sometimes at the start of class or during examinations. He sleeps 6-7 hours per night and feels refreshed when he awakens. He also experiences frightening auditory hallucinations before falling asleep. He was recently in a motor vehicle collision after falling asleep at the wheel, which resulted in only a minor sprain of his wrist. He does not use tobacco, alcohol, or illicit drugs. Physical examination is unremarkable. Which of the following is the best treatment for this patient’s condition?
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Question 20 of 38
20. Question
A 34-year-old woman with sleep problems comes to the office. Over the last year, she has had increasing difficulty falling asleep at night and is exhausted during the day. The patient does not use alcohol, tobacco, or illicit drugs. She has a family history of heart disease and depression. The patient has failed a number of nonpharmacological approaches, including cognitive-behavioral therapy for insomnia. She requests pharmacologic treatment and is prescribed a short course of zolpidem. Which of the following is the most likely mechanism of action of this medication?
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Question 21 of 38
21. Question
A 67-year-old man comes to the hospital due to an acute worsening of chronic back pain associated with new-onset bilateral leg weakness and numbness. He has a history of colorectal cancer with vertebral metastases for which he has received colectomy, chemotherapy, and radiation treatment. The patient takes oral morphine sulfate for his back pain. Examination shows focal vertebral tenderness, along with reduced muscular strength, decreased sensitivity to light touch, and spasticity in both legs. Imaging studies reveal a vertebral compression fracture with cord compression. Surgical decompression is planned. Which of the following drugs may precipitate opioid withdrawal symptoms if used in this patient?
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Question 22 of 38
22. Question
A 35-year-old man was hospitalized for a psychotic episode in which he heard voices of God and the devil and believed that his family was plotting to kill him. He improved rapidly with medication therapy and was discharged. Three weeks later, the patient comes to the emergency department due to generalized muscle stiffness and shaking of his right hand. He has no other medical history and takes no other medications. Temperature is 36.7 C (98 F), blood pressure is 110/80 mm Hg, pulse is 68/min, and respirations are 14/min. On mental status examination, he is alert and oriented with mild paranoia but no auditory hallucinations. Which of the following is the best treatment for this patient’s current symptoms?
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Question 23 of 38
23. Question
A 7-year-old boy is brought to the emergency department by his older sister after being found in their mother’s bathroom with an open bottle of pills. The bottle is unlabeled and the boy is unable to describe how many pills he ingested. The sister, who was babysitting, became alarmed when the boy subsequently became increasingly lethargic over the next hour. The mother takes medications for anxiety, depression, and chronic lower back pain. On arrival, the boy is somnolent and difficult to arouse. Temperature is 36.7 C (98 F), blood pressure is 100/60 mm Hg, pulse is 75/min, and respirations are 16/min. Physical examination is unremarkable. Which of the following drugs is most likely to reverse this patient’s symptoms?
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Question 24 of 38
24. Question
A 38-year-old woman comes to the office due to breast tenderness and absence of menstrual periods over the last 3 months. The patient has a history of schizophrenia and familial hypercholesterolemia. Medications include risperidone, which has led to significant improvement in psychotic symptoms, and atorvastatin. BMI is 26 kg/m2, down from 30 kg/m2 6 months ago after following a strict dietary plan. Basic serum chemistry panel and thyroid function tests are normal, and urine pregnancy test is negative. Which of the following is the most likely explanation for this patient’s amenorrhea?
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Question 25 of 38
25. Question
A 34-year-old man is brought to the emergency department by his wife after she found him running around the yard in his underwear shouting, “I am going to change the world.” She reports that he has a lot of energy despite hardly sleeping for the past 7 days, and that he recently quit his job to write a 500-page novel that he says “explains everything about the universe.” The patient’s history is significant for epilepsy with generalized seizures since childhood and a psychiatric hospitalization a year ago for a major depressive episode. Family history is significant for alcoholism and hypertension in his father and schizophrenia in his grandmother. Which of the following medications would be most helpful for long-term treatment of this patient’s psychiatric condition as well as his seizure disorder?
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Question 26 of 38
26. Question
A 60-year-old man is found by his daughter to be confused at home. Emergency medical services are called and he is brought to the emergency department by ambulance. The patient’s daughter, who accompanies him, says that she found an empty bottle of amitriptyline next to his bed. He has not been taking any other medications. In the emergency department, the patient is delirious and says that he sees small animals running around in the corner of the room. He appears flushed. The patient has a brief seizure and becomes unconscious. Temperature is 37.2 C (99 F), blood pressure is 90/62 mm Hg, and pulse is 120/min. Both pupils are dilated and equally reactive to light, and his skin and mucous membranes are dry. Initial ECG shows QRS widening and QTc prolongation. He is transferred to the intensive care unit but dies despite resuscitation attempts. Which of the following pharmacological effects most likely contributed to the patient’s death?
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Question 27 of 38
27. Question
A 23-year-old woman comes to the emergency department due to chest pain, dyspnea, palpitations, perioral numbness, and sweating. She is extremely anxious and explains that her symptoms came on suddenly for no apparent reason. The patient has had similar episodes 2 or 3 times a week for the past several months. Her blood pressure is 150/90 mm Hg, pulse is 100/min, and respirations are 28/min. Cardiac enzymes are normal, and an ECG shows normal sinus rhythm with no ST-segment or T-wave abnormalities. The patient is diagnosed with panic disorder. She receives medication and feels better within an hour. Which of the following best describes the mechanism of action of the medication she received?
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Question 28 of 38
28. Question
A 46-year-old woman with confusion and fever is brought to the emergency department. She is disoriented, somnolent, and difficult to rouse. A friend who accompanies the patient says, “She sounded really anxious when I talked to her on the phone so I decided to check in on her. She was just lying on the couch and groaning when I got there. I hope she didn’t overdose again—she’s tried to before.” On physical examination, the patient’s skin is flushed, oral mucosa is dry, and pupils are dilated and poorly responsive to light. Which of the following drugs, if taken in overdose, would most likely cause this clinical presentation?
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Question 29 of 38
29. Question
A 36-year-old woman comes to the office for follow-up of a mood disorder. The patient has a history of several depressive episodes that started in her twenties. Two years ago, she was hospitalized after staying up for several nights without sleeping and claiming that she had special powers to “end global poverty and climate change.” Her symptoms responded well to treatment and she has remained on the same drug regimen since then. However, the patient now has new-onset constipation, dry skin, and hair loss. She is also concerned about a weight gain of 2.27 kg (5 lb) over the last 3-4 months despite eating healthy, low-calorie foods. Blood pressure is 110/70 mm Hg and pulse is 55/min. The patient appears tired, but physical examination is otherwise normal. The diagnosis is established and her current condition is attributed to adverse effects from one of her medications. Which of the following is the most likely culprit drug?
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Question 30 of 38
30. Question
A 43-year-old man comes to the office due to depression. He feels sad and unmotivated, sleeps 12 hours a day, and has increased appetite, poor concentration at work, and fleeting thoughts of suicide. The patient has no medical history and laboratory evaluation is unremarkable. Major depressive disorder is diagnosed and antidepressant medication administered. Several weeks after starting the medication, the patient’s depressive symptoms are mildly improved, but he is now distressed by a significant decrease in libido and impaired sexual performance. He is considering stopping the medication and requests an alternate treatment. Which of the following drugs is most appropriate for this patient?
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Question 31 of 38
31. Question
A 7-year-old boy is evaluated for fatigue. For the last year, he has been avoiding any significant outdoor activities with his peers due to poor energy and shortness of breath. He also describes occasional pounding in the chest. Physical examination shows a holosystolic murmur best heard at the lower sternal border. Echocardiography reveals apical displacement of the tricuspid valve leaflets, decreased right ventricular volume, and atrialization of the right ventricle. Moderate to severe tricuspid regurgitation is also present. If this patient’s diagnosis is due to a side effect of a drug taken during pregnancy, his biological mother most likely had which of the following conditions?
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Question 32 of 38
32. Question
A 24-year-old man is hospitalized after a violent episode in which he destroyed his television with a baseball bat. Over the past year, the patient was convinced that people on television were monitoring his thoughts and movements and that certain newscasters were laughing at him. At night, he was unable to sleep and reported hearing the voices of demons threatening to kill him. The patient was diagnosed with schizophrenia and initially treated with chlorpromazine. He now is reluctant to take the medication, saying, “I don’t like how it makes me feel.” His medication is subsequently changed to fluphenazine. Compared to the patient’s initial treatment, fluphenazine is more likely to cause which of the following?
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Question 33 of 38
33. Question
A 63-year-old man with a history of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease comes to the office for a follow-up visit. He uses a tiotropium inhaler daily, and his pulmonary symptoms are sufficiently controlled. During a previous visit, the patient was counseled on the benefits of smoking cessation. He reports that despite trying he has been unable to stop smoking due to overwhelming cravings. The physician prescribes a drug that reduces nicotine cravings and decreases the pleasurable effects of cigarettes and other tobacco products. Which of the following medications was most likely prescribed to the patient?
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Question 34 of 38
34. Question
A 2-day-old girl is evaluated in the newborn nursery due to tachypnea, sneezing, and diarrhea. The patient was born via spontaneous vaginal delivery and had been feeding well until several hours ago, when she became tachypneic. She has also been persistently crying and difficult to console. The patient’s mother did not receive prenatal care during this pregnancy. Respirations are 65/min. All other vital signs are normal for age. On physical examination, the patient is irritable and has mildly increased tone in all extremities with occasional tremors of the arms and legs. Chest radiograph reveals normal lung fields. Serum glucose and complete blood count are within normal limits, and urine toxicology is pending. Nonpharmacologic interventions do not significantly improve the patient’s symptoms. Which of the following pharmacotherapies would most likely improve this patient’s symptoms?
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Question 35 of 38
35. Question
An 18-year-old woman comes to the office for evaluation of acne. The patient is very upset about the acne scarring, which worsened since she started college. She has been very stressed by upcoming examinations and feels “exhausted” due to lack of adequate sleep. The patient has been using topical benzoyl peroxide and tretinoin for the past year. She was also prescribed an oral antibiotic but stopped taking it several months ago due to lack of improvement. The patient is sexually active with her boyfriend and uses an intrauterine device for contraception. Her periods are regular and last 5 days. She takes no other medications and does not use tobacco, alcohol, or illicit drugs. Physical examination shows nodulocystic acne with scarring on the face, chin, and upper back. The patient is interested in isotretinoin treatment. Which of the following is the best next step in management of this patient?
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Question 36 of 38
36. Question
A 32-year-old woman comes to the office because she has felt sad and worthless for the past 3 months and often cries for no obvious reason. The patient has difficulty sleeping, her appetite is decreased, and she no longer enjoys spending time with friends. She has no significant medical history. A pregnancy test is negative, and TSH is within normal limits. The physician discusses the diagnosis with the patient and initiates first-line pharmacologic treatment. Two days later, the patient is brought to the emergency department after being found lying down next to an empty bottle of the prescribed medication. Temperature is 38.9 C (102 F), blood pressure is 146/92 mm Hg, and heart rate is 118/min and regular. The patient is disoriented, tremulous, and diaphoretic. She has abdominal cramps and diarrhea. Neurologic examination reveals pupillary dilation, bilateral hyperreflexia in the lower extremities, and bilateral, inducible ankle clonus.
Item 1 of 2
Which of the following amino acids is a precursor of the neurotransmitter most likely responsible for this patient’s current symptoms?
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Question 37 of 38
37. Question
Item 2 of 2
The patient is admitted to the hospital and supportive therapy is initiated. However, she remains disoriented with only limited improvement of her condition. Which of the following is the antidote for this patient’s condition?
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Question 38 of 38
38. Question
A 44-year-old man hospitalized for acute cholecystitis is being evaluated for anxiety and agitation. He underwent an open cholecystectomy without having any operative complications. Two days after admission, the patient experiences anxiety and tremulousness, and he becomes irritable, severely agitated, and verbally abusive to the nursing staff. He has no other medical problems. The patient does not use tobacco or illicit drugs but admits to drinking 6-8 beers daily for the last several years. He has no known drug allergies, and family history is insignificant. Blood pressure is 160/90 mm Hg and pulse is 110/min. Examination shows hand tremors bilaterally. Which of the following is the most appropriate pharmacotherapy for this patient?
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