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[h] Microbiology & Antimicrobials Flashcards

[i] Master this session in just 5 minutes.

[q] ………….. is Bactericidal, accumulated intracellularly in microorganisms via an O2-dependent uptake —> ineffective against anaerobes. Work by irreversible inhibition of initiation Complex through binding of the 30S subunit. Can cause genetic code misreading of mRNA. Also block translocation.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IEFtaW5vZ2x5Y29zaWRlcyAoR2VudGFtaWNpbiwgTmVvbXljaW4sIEFtaWthY2luLCBUb2JyYW15Y2luLCBTdHJlcHRvbXljaW4pLg==[Qq]

[q] ………… cause Nephrotoxicity, Neuromuscular blockade with ↓ release of Ach (absolute contraindication with myasthenia gravis), Ototoxicity and teratogenic.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IEFtaW5vZ2x5Y29zaWRlcyAoR2VudGFtaWNpbiwgTmVvbXljaW4sIEFtaWthY2luLCBUb2JyYW15Y2luLCBTdHJlcHRvbXljaW4pLg==[Qq]

[q] Mechanism of resistance to ……. is due to mutations of the genes that encode ribosomal proteins that modify the ribosomal binding sites for these drugs. Another mechanism of resistance is by producing modifying enzymes (bacterial transferase enzymes) that transfer different chemical groups (acetyl groups, methyl group, adenyl groups, and phosphate groups) to the antibiotic molecule outside of the bacterium, thereby decreasing the ability of these drugs to bind to ribosomes and exert their antimicrobial effects.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IEFtaW5vZ2x5Y29zaWRlcyAoR2VudGFtaWNpbiwgTmVvbXljaW4sIEFtaWthY2luLCBUb2JyYW15Y2luLCBTdHJlcHRvbXljaW4pLg==[Qq]

[q] ……. is Bacteriostatic; bind to 30S and prevent attachment of aminoacyl-tRNA. “Broad-spectrum” antibiotics, with good activity versus chlamydial and mycoplasma species, H. pylori (GI ulcers), Rickettsia, Borrelia burgdorferi, Brucella, Vibrio, and Treponema (backup drug). Also used to treat acne.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IFRldHJhY3ljbGluZXMgKFRldHJhY3ljbGluZSwgZG94eWN5Y2xpbmUsIG1pbm9jeWNsaW5lKS4=[Qq]

[q] Do not take ……. with milk (Ca2+), antacids (Ca2+ or Mg2+), or iron-containing preparations because divalent cations inhibit drugs’ absorption in the gut.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IFRldHJhY3ljbGluZXMgKFRldHJhY3ljbGluZSwgZG94eWN5Y2xpbmUsIG1pbm9jeWNsaW5lKS4=[Qq]

[q] ……. use during pregnancy can cause fetal bone growth retardation and discoloration of the deciduous teeth.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IFRldHJhY3ljbGluZXMgKFRldHJhY3ljbGluZSwgZG94eWN5Y2xpbmUsIG1pbm9jeWNsaW5lKS4=[Qq]

[q] ………. is tetracycline derivative. Binds to 30S, inhibiting protein synthesis. Effective against Multidrug-resistant organisms (MRSA, VRE).

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IFRpZ2VjeWNsaW5lLg==[Qq]

[q] ………… is Bacteriostatic. It elicits its antibacterial effect by binding to the ribosomal 50S subunit and inhibiting the peptidyl transferase enzyme. Thus, it suppresses bacterial protein synthesis. Inhibition of cytochrome P450.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IENobG9yYW1waGVuaWNvbC4=[Qq]

[q] ………. can cause both dose-dependent and dose-independent aplastic anemia (pancytopenia). “Gray baby syndrome” in premature infants because they lack liver UDP-glucuronyl transferase.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IENobG9yYW1waGVuaWNvbC4=[Qq]

[q] ……… is Bacteriostatic. Blocks peptide transfer (translocation) at 50S ribosomal subunit. Not a macrolide but has the same mechanisms of action and resistance. Treats anaerobic infections above the diaphragm vs. metronidazole treats anaerobic infections below the diaphragm.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IENsaW5kYW15Y2luLg==[Qq]

[q] ……… is Bacteriostatic. Inhibit protein synthesis by blocking translocation; bind to the 23S rRNA of the 50S ribosomal subunit. Effective in treatment of Atypical pneumonias (Mycoplasma, Chlamydia, Legionella), STIs (Chlamydia), gram-positive cocci (streptococcal infections in patients allergic to penicillin), and B. pertussis. Inhibit cytochrome P-450 –> increases serum concentration of theophylline, oral anticoagulants.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IE1hY3JvbGlkZXMgKGVyeXRocm9teWNpbiwgYXppdGhyb215Y2luLCBjbGFyaXRocm9teWNpbiku[Qq]

[q] ……. cause Gastrointestinal Motility issues, Arrhythmia caused by prolonged QT interval, acute Cholestatic hepatitis, Rash, eOsinophilia as side effects.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IE1hY3JvbGlkZXMgKGVyeXRocm9teWNpbiwgYXppdGhyb215Y2luLCBjbGFyaXRocm9teWNpbiku[Qq]

[q] Mechanism of resistance to …….. is Methylation of 23S rRNA-binding site prevents binding of drug.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IE1hY3JvbGlkZXMgKGVyeXRocm9teWNpbiwgYXppdGhyb215Y2luLCBjbGFyaXRocm9teWNpbiku[Qq]

[q] ……….. inhibit protein synthesis by binding to 50S subunit and preventing formation of the initiation complex. Effective in treatment of VRSA, VRE, and drug-resistant pneumococci.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IExpbmV6b2xpZC4=[Qq]

[q] ………. work by Binding to sites on 50S ribosomal subunit, they prevent the interaction of amino-acyl-tRNA with acceptor site and stimulate its dissociation from the complex. Used parenterally in severe infections caused by vancomycin-resistant staphylococci (VRSA) and enterococci (VRE), as well as other drug- resistant, gram-positive cocci.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IFF1aW51cHJpc3RpbiBhbmQgZGFsZm9wcmlzdGluLg==[Qq]

[q] ………. is Bacteriostatic (bactericidal when combined with trimethoprim). Inhibit dihydropteroate synthase –> Inhibit folate synthesis.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IFN1bGZvbmFtaWRlcy4=

[q] ……. cause Hypersensitivity (rashes, Stevens-Johnson syndrome), Hemolysis in G6PD deficiency, Phototoxicity, Nephrotoxicity (tubulointerstitial nephritis), and Kernicterus in neonates (avoid in third trimester).

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IFN1bGZvbmFtaWRlcy4=[Qq]

[q] …………….. is Similar to sulfonamides, but structurally distinct agent. Effective in treatment of leprosy in combination with rifampin.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IERhcHNvbmUu[Qq]

[q] …….. is Bacteriostatic. Inhibits bacterial dihydrofolate reductase. Used in combination with sulfonamides [TMPSMX], causing sequential block of folate synthesis.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IFRyaW1ldGhvcHJpbS4=[Qq]

[q] Trimethoprim, methotrexate, and pyrimethamine all prevent the reduction of folic acid to tetrahydrofolate by inhibiting …….?

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IGRpaHlkcm9mb2xhdGUgcmVkdWN0YXNlLg==[Qq]

[q] ………… isvbactericidal and interfere with DNA synthesis. Inhibit topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) and topoisomerase IV.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IFF1aW5vbG9uZXMgKENpcHJvZmxveGFjaW4sIGVub3hhY2luLCBub3JmbG94YWNpbiwgb2Zsb3hhY2luLCBnZW1pZmxveGFjaW4sIGxldm9mbG94YWNpbiwgbW94aWZsb3hhY2luKS4=[Qq]

[q] ……… cause tendonitis or tendon rupture in people > 60 years old and in patients taking prednisone. Contraindicated in pregnant women, nursing mothers, and children < 18 years old due to possible damage to cartilage (inhibition of chondrogenesis).

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IFF1aW5vbG9uZXMgKENpcHJvZmxveGFjaW4sIGVub3hhY2luLCBub3JmbG94YWNpbiwgb2Zsb3hhY2luLCBnZW1pZmxveGFjaW4sIGxldm9mbG94YWNpbiwgbW94aWZsb3hhY2luKS4=

JiM4MjExOyBGbHVvcm9xdWlub2xvbmVzIGh1cnQgYXR0YWNobWVudHMgdG8geW91ciBib25lcy4=[Qq]

[q] Antibiotics that cause photosensitivity are ………..?

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]

MS4gVGV0cmFjeWNsaW5lcy4=
CjIuIFN1bGZvbmFtaWRlcy4=
CjMuIFF1aW5vbG9uZXMu[Qq]

[q] …….. is Bactericidal, antiprotozoal. Forms toxic free radical metabolites in the bacterial cell that damage DNA.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IE1ldHJvbmlkYXpvbGUu[Qq]

[q] ……… cause metallic taste and Disulfiram-like effect (severe flushing, tachycardia, hypotension).

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IE1ldHJvbmlkYXpvbGUu[Qq]

[q] ………. is Salvage therapy for multidrug-resistant gram ⊝ bacteria (P aeruginosa, E coli, K pneumoniae). cause Nephrotoxicity, neurotoxicity (slurred speech, weakness, paresthesia), respiratory failure as side effects.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IFBvbHlteXhpbnMu[Qq]

[q] The primary drugs in combination regimens for treatment of tuberculosis are …….?

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IFJpZmFtcGluLCBJc29uaWF6aWQsIFB5cmF6aW5hbWlkZSwgRXRoYW1idXRvbCAoUklQRSBmb3IgdHJlYXRtZW50KS4=[Qq]

[q] …….. inhibits DNA-dependent RNA polymerase, thereby preventing transcription. The subsequent lack of mRNA leads to a deficiency of those proteins necessary for mycobacterial survival.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IFJpZmFteWNpbnMgKFJpZmFtcGluLCByaWZhYnV0aW4pLg==[Qq]

[q] …….. has been used successfully for chemoprophylaxis for household members and close contacts of patients with invasive meningococcal disease and is the most likely chemoprophylactic agent to be administered in this subject.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IFJpZmFtcGluLg==[Qq]

[q] ……… cause orange discoloration of secretions (urine, breast milk and tears), and patients should be alerted to the fact that contact lenses will be permanently stained orange.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IFJpZmFtcGluLg==[Qq]

[q] Rifabutin favored over rifampin in patients with HIV infection due to ………?

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IGxlc3MgY3l0b2Nocm9tZSBQLTQ1MCBzdGltdWxhdGlvbi4gcmlmQU1QaW4gQU1QaWlmaWVzIGN5dG9jaHJvbWUgUC00NTAsIGJ1dCByaWZhYnV0aW4gZG9lcyBub3Qu[Qq]

[q] Mechanism of resistance to ……. is spontaneous genetic mutations in the bacterial DNA-dependent RNA polymerase.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IFJpZmFtcGluLg==[Qq]

[q] …….. ↓ synthesis of mycolic acids. It is a Prodrug requiring conversion by bacterial catalase peroxidase. Bacterial catalase peroxidase (encoded by KatG gene) needed to convert INH to active metabolite.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IElzb25pYXppZC4=[Qq]

[q] INH-induced peripheral neuropathy is caused by ……..?

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IHB5cmlkb3hpbmUgKHZpdGFtaW4gQjYpIGRlZmljaWVuY3kuIElOSCBiaW5kcyB0aGUgYWN0aXZlIGZvcm0gb2YgcHlyaWRveGluZSwgcmVzdWx0aW5nIGluIHJlbmFsIGV4Y3JldGlvbi4=[Qq]

[q] ……….. may cause drug induced-SLE in slow acetylators.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IElzb25pYXppZC4=[Qq]

[q] Mechanism of resistance to …….. is Mutations leading to underexpression of KatG.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IElzb25pYXppZC4=[Qq]

[q] ……. is a prodrug that is converted to the active compound. Works best at acidic pH (in host phagolysosomes). Can cause hyperuricemia as a side effect.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IFB5cmF6aW5hbWlkZS4=[Qq]

[q] …….. is an antimycobacterial agent that inhibits carbohydrate polymerization by inhibiting arabinosyl transferase, thereby preventing peptidoglycan cell wall synthesis. Cause optic neuritis (red-green color blindness), This side effect clinically manifests as decreased visual acuity, central scotoma, or color-blindness and may be reversible with discontinuation of the drug.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IFByb25vdW5jZSBldGhhbWJ1dG9sIOKAnGV5ZXRoYW1idXRvbOKAnSBmb3Igb3B0aWMgbmV1cml0aXMu[Qq]

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